Criminological Theory: Anomie Theory Summary

Anomie Theory Overview

• Two basic versions: Emile Durkheim (1890s) and Robert Merton (1930s).

• Anomie: Originally Greek for "lawlessness"; modern view centers on "normlessness" or societal breakdown of rules.

Durkheim’s View of Crime

• Crime is normal and serves a functional role in society.

• Anomie arises from rapid societal changes and loss of equilibrium; leads to breakdown of norms.

• Society evolves from mechanical to organic solidarity; socioeconomic changes disrupt this equilibrium.

• Anomie is evidenced by high rates of crime and suicide.

Merton’s Adaptation to Anomie

• Developed Social Structure and Anomie (1938).

• Society's goals vs. means lead to strain and various adaptations.

• Five modes of adaptation to anomie:

  • Conformity: Accepts both goals and means.

  • Innovation: Accepts goals but develops new means (often criminal).

  • Ritualism: Abandons goals while rigidly adhering to means.

  • Retreatism: Rejects both goals and means.

  • Rebellion: Rejects and replaces established goals and means.

Role of Social Structure

• Social disorganization leads to unequal access to goals and means; creates anomic pressure.

• Social class dynamics affect adaptability; those disadvantaged are more likely to exhibit deviance.

Policy Implications

• Policies should address social structure, reduce class disparities, and expand access to education and jobs.

• Suggestions include reducing aspirations and regulating advertising of prestige products.

Contemporary Applications of Anomie Theory

• Robert Agnew: General Strain Theory focuses on youth and avoidance of negative situations.

• Institutional Anomie Theory by Messner and Rosenfeld: Links economic strain to weakening of societal institutions over individuals.