MODERN CHEMISTRY
CHAPTERS 1, 2, AND 3.

Section 1:- Chemistry is a Physical Science

Chemistry is a part of science that studies matter, more precisely the structure, composition, properties of matter, and the processes in which matter changes. Changes occur by a change in temperature, pressure, or some other factor, and each of these changes is accompanied by a specific change in energy that chemistry explains.

Branches of Chemistry

• Organic Chemistry- This study of most carbon-containing compounds

• Inorganic Chemistry- This study of non-organic substances, many of which have organic fragments bonded to metals.

• Physical Chemistry- this study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy.

• Analytical Chemistry- The identification of the components and composition of materials

• Biochemistry- The study of substances and processes occurring in living things.

• Theoretical Chemistry- The use of math and computers to understand the principles being observed and chemical behavior.

Basic Research

Research is carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge, such as how and why a specific reaction occurs and what the properties of a substance are. Chance discoveries can be the result of basic research.

Applies Research

Research is carried out to solve a problem. Researchers are driven by a desire to solve a specific problem, such as damage to the ozone layer.

Technological development

Technological development typically involves the production and use of products and use of products that improve quality of life.

The Discovery of Teflon was the result of basic research. It was discovered that Teflon coating on cookware easily peels off. Using applied research, scientists managed to improve the bond between Teflon and metal, which led to nonstick cookware as technological development.

Storage devices

Even though we discovered how to store data in binary code via transition in the mid 20th century, through applied research and technological development, these devices have been able to store more data while physically being smaller. Through floppy discs, CD, and DVD disks, USB drives and finally cloud and storage, storing and transferring data has only become more convenient as a result of technological advances.

Section 2:- Matter and its Properties

• Physical properties are properties observed without changing the chemical structure of a substance.

• Chemical properties are evident and measured after the chemical structure of a substance is changed.

• The solid matter has a definite shapen and volume

• The liquid matter has no definite shape but has a definite volume.

• The gaseous matter has no shape nor volume

• Mixtures are a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties. A pure substance, on the other hand, has a fixed composition. Unlike a mixture, every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties and every sample has exactly the same composition.

• Sucrose is a chemical, meaning it has definite composition.

• Regardless of how you obtain sucrose, it would have definite composition, meaning it would be the same no matter how u get it. Thus, Sucrose taken from sugar cane would be the same as sugar beet.

Section 3:- Elements

• O is a chemical symbol in the periodic table for element oxygen with atomic number 8.

• S is a chemical symbol in the periodic table for element sulfur with the atomic number 16.

• Cu is a chemical symbol in the periodic table for element copper with atomic number 29.

• Ag is a chemical symbol in the periodic table for element sliver with atomic number 47.

• Iron is Fe- On the periodic table, iron has a symbol of Fe and an atomic number of 26(Note: when writing atomic symbols, one element can only have a single uppercase letter; if there is a second letter, it must be lowercase)

• The elements under the same group will most likely undergo the same kind of reaction.

• Metals, metalloids, and non-metalloids can be distinguished from each other by their conductivity and heat, and electricity.

• Metals have a high conductivity of heat and conductivity

• Non-metals have low conductivity of heat and conductivity.

• Metalloids have a few similar characteristics to metals but are not as effective conductors.

• Naturally existing pure elements are non-reactive.

• To distinguish if the element is metallic or non-metallic, test for luster, malleability, and conductivity.

Chapter Review

• Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes.

• The branch of chemistry that is concerned with the study of carbon compounds is Organic Chemistry.

• Compounds containing carbon as their main element connected to hydrogen atoms are considered organic compounds.

• Chemical is any substance that has definite composition.

• A new type of refrigerant is developed to combat the problem of environmental damage. This is an example of applied research

• A new element is synthesized, thus increasing the speed of the computer, thus improving the quality of life. This is an example of technological development.

• Mass is a measure of the amount of matter

• Volume is the amount of three-dimensional space that an object occupies.

• The composition of the pure compound does not vary from sample to sample, while mixtures contain more than one substance and can vary composition and properties from sample to sample.

• A property is a quality or characteristic that defines an entire set of substances.

• Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter that is present, while intensive properties do not.

• A chemical property is a property evident when the chemical structure of a substance is changed.

• Reactivity and Flammability

• Physical change = change in appearance, no change in identity

• Chemical change = change in identity/chemical composition

• The solid matter has a definite shape and definite volume, the liquid matter has a definite volume nor a definite shape.

• The liquid matter has a definite volume, the gaseous matter has no volume.

• Liquid and gaseous matter both do not have a definite shape

• Plasma is a superheated gaseous matter that contains separated gas ions and free-moving electrons and is able to conduct electricity.

• A change of state is the physical change of a substance from one state to another, see the explanation above.

• The sample is a heterogeneous mixture

• The columns are called “groups” and they indicate the number of valence electrons of the element

• The rows are called “periods” and they indicate the energy level of the valence shell of the element

• Metallic elements are shiny, lustrous, malleable, and great conductors of heat. Found in groups 1 to 12

• Metalloids are shiny, lustrous, and brittle. Found in group13-17

• Non-metals can either be brittle solids or gaseous at room temperature and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Found in groups 14 to 17

• Noble gases are gaseous as their name suggests and do not have a definite shape nor volume. Found in group 18

• Element X is a solid non-metallic element found under groups 14-17

• Element Z is a metallic element found under groups1-12

• K is potassium, metal

• Ag is slive, metal

• Si is silicon, a metal

• Hg is mercury, a metal

• Na is sodium, a metal

• He is helium, a noble gas

• Two physical properties of metals are that they are shiny and conduct electricity well, the answer is simply the other physical properties.

• Physical property, properties measured without changing a matter’s chemical composition

• Element can’t be broken down into simpler substances, while compounds can be broken down.