Drug Use In Older People Notes
老年人的藥物使用 (Drug Use In Older People)
學習目標 (Learning Objectives)
討論老年人與普通人群相比的生理差異。
(Discuss the physiological differences in older adults compared to the general population.)討論生理差異如何影響藥效學和藥代動力學。
(Discuss how physiological differences affect pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.)確定並討論導致藥物相關傷害的因素。
(Identify and discuss factors contributing to medicine-related harm.)區分適當和不適當的多藥治療。
(Differentiate between appropriate and inappropriate polypharmacy.)
介紹 (Introduction)
與一般成成年人群相比,老年患者的生理機能不同。
(Older patients have different physiology compared to the general adult population.)生理變化使他們更容易患某些疾病和不良事件,例如心力衰竭、慢性腎病、骨質疏鬆症、跌倒。
(Physiological changes make them more vulnerable to certain diseases and adverse events, e.g., cardiac failure, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, falls.)生理變化也會影響藥代動力學和藥效學,增加藥物不良事件的風險。
(Physiological changes also affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, increasing the risk of adverse drug events.)
生理變化 (Physiological Changes)
身體成分 (Body composition)
泌尿生殖 (Genitourinary)
免疫系統 (Immune system)
心血管 (Cardiovascular)
中樞神經系統 (CNS)
胃腸 (Gastrointestinal)
內分泌 (Endocrine)
肌肉骨骼 (Musculoskeletal)
心血管系統 (Cardiovascular System)
生理變化:心室變得更僵硬,順應性更差。
(Physiological Change: Ventricles become stiffer and less compliant.)結果:心輸出量減少。
(Consequence: Decreased cardiac output.)生理變化:起搏器細胞丟失。
(Physiological Change: Pacemaker cells lost.)後果:心率(HR)降低。
(Consequence: Decreased heart rate (HR).)生理變化:傳導系統鈣化。
(Physiological Change: Conduction systems calcify.)後果:心律失常的風險增加。
(Consequence: Increased risk of arrhythmia.)生理變化:動脈壁變硬。
(Physiological Change: Arterial walls stiffen.)後果:高血壓風險增加。
(Consequence: Increased risk of hypertension.)生理變化:心臟對去甲腎上腺素能刺激不太敏感。
(Physiological Change: Heart less sensitive to noradrenergic stimulation.)結果:最大心率降低。
(Consequence: Decreased maximum heart rate.)生理變化:瓣膜鈣化。
(Physiological Change: Calcification of valves.)後果:體位性低血壓增加。
(Consequence: Increased postural hypotension.)
腸胃系統 (Gastrointestinal System)
生理變化:消化系統中的肌肉往往會變得更僵硬、更虛弱、效率更低。
(Physiological Change: Muscles in your digestive system tend to become stiffer, weaker, and less efficient.)結果:胃動力減弱,胃排空時間增加,便秘風險增加。
(Consequence: Decreased gastric motility, increased gastric emptying times, and increased risk of constipation.)生理變化:主動運輸機制的能力降低。
(Physiological Change: Reduced capacity of active transport mechanisms.)結果:食物和藥物的吸收減少。
(Consequence: Decreased absorption of food and medications.)生理變化:胃酸分泌減少,胃 pH 值升高。
(Physiological Change: Reduced gastric acid secretion and increased gastric pH.)結果:鎂、鐵、鈣和維生素 B12 的吸收減少;胃腸道感染的風險增加。
(Consequence: Decreased absorption of magnesium, iron, calcium, and vitamin B12; increased risk of GI infection.)生理變化:肝臟品質、肝血流量和酶活性減少。
(Physiological Change: Decreased hepatic mass, hepatic blood flow, and enzyme activity.)結果:藥物及其代謝物代謝減少。
(Consequence: Decreased metabolism of drugs and their metabolites.)
內分泌系統 (Endocrine System)
生理變化:雌激素減少。
(Physiological Change: Decreased Oestrogen.)結果:骨量減少,CV 疾病風險增加。
(Consequence: Decreased Bone mass, Increased risk of CV disease.)生理變化:睾丸激素減少。
(Physiological Change: Decreased Testosterone.)後果:肌肉無力增加,貧血增加,情緒障礙增加。
(Consequence: Increased Muscle weakness, Increased Anaemia, Increased Mood disturbance.)生理變化:胰島素分泌減少(>80 年減少 50%)。
(Physiological Change: Decreased Insulin secretion (by 50% in >80yrs).)結果:維持葡萄糖穩態的能力下降。
(Consequence: Decreased Ability to maintain glucose homeostasis.)生理變化:生長激素和胰島素樣生長因數減少。
(Physiological Change: Decreased Growth hormone & insulin-like growth factor.)結果:肌肉和骨骼量減少,脂肪量增加。
(Consequence: Decreased Muscle and bone mass, Increased fat mass.)生理變化:醛固酮減少。
(Physiological Change: Decreased Aldosterone.)結果:體位性低血壓的風險增加。
(Consequence: Increased Risk of postural hypotension.)生理變化:甲狀旁腺激素增加。
(Physiological Change: Increased Parathyroid hormone.)結果:骨量減少,骨質疏鬆症增加。
(Consequence: Decreased Bone mass, Increased Osteoporosis.)
肌肉骨骼系統 (Musculoskeletal System)
生理變化:骨骼肌隨著年齡的增長而減少。
(Physiological Change: Skeletal muscle reduces with age.)結果:運動功能下降,增加跌倒和受傷的風險。
(Consequence: Decreased motor function, increasing risk of falls and injury.)生理變化:肌腱失去彈性。
(Physiological Change: Loss of elasticity in tendons.)結果:柔韌性和運動功能下降,增加跌倒和受傷的風險。
(Consequence: Decreased flexibility and motor function which increases risk of falls and injury.)生理變化:退行性軟骨變化。
(Physiological Change: Degenerative cartilage changes.)結果:骨關節炎的風險增加。
(Consequence: Increased risk of osteoarthritis.)生理變化:破骨細胞活性增加。
(Physiological Change: Increased osteoclast activity.)結果:骨密度降低(骨質疏鬆症),增加脆性骨折的風險。
(Consequence: Decreased bone density (osteoporosis), increasing risk of fragility fractures.)
中樞神經系統 (Central Nervous System)
生理變化:腦容量減少(大腦和脊髓萎縮)。
(Physiological Change: Reduced brain volume (atrophy of the brain and spinal cord).)結果:記憶/思維/運動減少,意識模糊增加,鎮靜,帕金森病,跌倒,對 CNS 副作用的敏感性增加。
(Consequence: Decreased memory/thinking/movement, increased confusion, sedation, parkinsonism, falls, increased sensitivity to CNS side effects.)生理變化:突觸可塑性降低。
(Physiological Change: Reduced synaptic plasticity.)結果:增加意識模糊和讒妄的風險。
(Consequence: Increased risk of confusion and delirium.)生理變化:中樞神經系統的慢性炎症,蛋白質和脂肪在大腦中的積累。
(Physiological Change: Chronic inflammation in the CNS, accumulation of proteins and fats in the brain.)
免疫系統 (Immune System)
生理變化:白細胞反應較慢且較少(T 細胞和巨噬細胞)。
(Physiological Change: Slower and fewer white blood cell response (T-cell and macrophages).)結果:對感染的易感性增加。
(Consequence: Increased susceptibility to infections.)生理變化:抗體與抗原的附著能力降低。
(Physiological Change: Antibodies become less able to attach to the antigen.)結果:對流感、CAP 等感染的易感性增加;疫苗效果較差。
(Consequence: Increased susceptibility to infections such as flu, CAP; vaccines less effective.)生理變化:細胞因子水平的變化;對感染的反應受損。
(Physiological Change: Changes in levels of cytokines; impaired response to infection.)結果:發病率和死亡率的危險因素。
(Consequence: Risk factor for both morbidity and mortality.)
泌尿生殖系統 (Genitourinary System)
生理變化:腎血流量減少(由於血管鈣化/CV 因素)。
(Physiological Change: Decrease in renal blood flow (due to calcification of vessels/CV factors).)結果:腎功能下降,許多藥物的清除率降低。
(Consequence: Decreased renal function, decreased clearance of many drugs.)生理變化:腎組織數量減少。過濾單位(腎單位)數量減少。
(Physiological Change: Decrease in amount of kidney tissue. Number of filtering units (nephrons) decreases.)生理變化:膀胱彈性組織變得更硬(膀胱彈性降低)和膀胱肌肉變弱。
(Physiological Change: Bladder elastic tissue becomes stiffer and bladder muscles weaken.)結果:膀胱容量減少,尿急增加。
(Consequence: Decreased bladder capacity, increased urinary urgency.)生理變化:尿道梗阻和排空不完全。
(Physiological Change: Urethral obstruction and incomplete emptying.)結果:尿路感染風險增加。
(Consequence: Increased risk of UTI.)
身體成分和藥代動力學 (Body Composition and Pharmacokinetics)
總體重量減輕意味著標準劑量提供更大的 mg/kg 劑量。
(Decreased total body weight means standard dosing gives a greater mg/kg dose.)細胞內液減少意味著:
(Decreased intracellular fluid means:)一. 水溶性試劑的分佈容積(Vd)會減少,因此可能會達到更高的血漿濃度水準,從而導致毒性,例如地高辛和鋰。
(Water-soluble agents will have a decreased volume of distribution (Vd) so may reach higher plasma concentration levels leading to toxicity e.g. digoxin & lithium.)在開具脂溶性藥物處方時,脂肪增加意味著:
(When prescribing lipid soluble agents, increased fat means:)一. 脂質室的攝取增加,最初導致血漿水準降低。
(Increased uptake into the lipid compartment, causing decreased plasma levels initially.)二. 脂肪組織儲庫中的積累會導致持久的效果。示例 – 地西泮、TCA。
(Accumulation in fat tissue reservoirs results in a prolonged effect. Example – Diazepam, TCA’s.)血漿蛋白減少(例如白蛋白)和當開具廣泛血漿蛋白結合的藥物時,血漿蛋白減少意味著:
(Decreased plasma protein (e.g. albumin) and When prescribing an extensively plasma protein bound drug, decreased plasma proteins means:)可用未結合藥物的增加,因此過量/毒性的風險增加,例如華法林和苯妥英。
(Increase in unbound drug available, therefore an increased risk of overdose/toxicity e.g. warfarin and phenytoin.)
穩態變化 (Homeostatic Changes)
損害 (Impairment)
加重 (Exacerbated by)
ADR (替代性爭議解決) (ADR)
溫度調節 (Thermoregulation)
任何鎮靜劑 (Any sedating agent)
低溫 (Hypothermia)
壓力感受器功能 (Baroreceptor Function)
抗高血壓葯、利尿藥、抗精神病藥、TCA (Anti-hypertensives, diuretics, antipsychotics, TCA)
體位性低血壓 (Postural Hypotension)
膀胱功能 (Bladder function)
抗膽鹼能藥物、利尿劑 (Anticholinergic medication, diuretics)
尿瀦留/尿失禁 (Urinary retention/incontinence)
血糖控制 (Blood glucose control)
降糖葯(長效 SU 和胰島素) (Hypoglycaemic agents (long acting SU and insulin))
低血糖/跌倒 (Hypoglycaemia/falls)
體液/電解質平衡 (Fluid/electrolyte balance)
利尿劑、SSRIs、抗精神病藥 (Diuretic, SSRIs, anti-psychotics)
意識模糊、頭暈、跌倒 (Confusion, dizziness, falls)
BBB 的療效 (Efficacy of BBB)
任何脂溶性藥物 (Any lipid soluble drug)
CNS 副作用增加 (Increased CNS side effects)
胃腸道運動 (GI motility)
任何影響胃腸道蠕動的藥物 (Any drug affecting GI motility)
便秘 (Constipation)
藥代動力學變化 (ADME) (Pharmacokinetic Changes - ADME)
吸收:口服藥物吸收延遲(由於腸道蠕動降低和 pH 值升高)= 藥物達到峰值濃度的時間延遲。
(Absorption: Delayed oral drug absorption (due to decreased gut motility and higher pH) = delayed time for drugs to reach peak concentration.)分配:
(Distribution:)肌肉品質和體內水分減少=水溶性藥物分佈體積減少,導致毒性風險增加,例如鋰和地高辛。
(Decreased muscle mass & body water = decrease of volume of distribution of water-soluble drugs leading to increased risk of toxicity e.g. lithium & digoxin.)增加體脂 = 脂溶性藥物分佈量增加,導致效果延遲和/或導致蓄積。
(Increase body fat = increased volume of distribution of fat-soluble drugs leading to a delay in effects and/or leading to accumulation.)血漿白蛋白減少 = 導致毒性的遊離藥物增加。
(Reduction in plasma albumin = increase in free form of drugs leading to toxicity.)代謝:肝臟品質、肝血流量和酶活性減少 = 藥物及其代謝物代謝減少(增加穩態,延長半衰期,增加)。
(Metabolism: Decrease in hepatic mass, hepatic blood flow and enzyme activity = reduction in metabolism of drugs and their metabolites.)消除:腎血流量、腎小球濾過率和腎小管分泌減少 = 許多藥物清除率降低。
(Elimination: Decrease in renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and tubular secretion = reduction in clearance of many drugs.)
老年人的處方注意事項 (Prescribing Considerations in Older Adults)
優化藥物治療對於老年患者至關重要 (Optimizing drug therapy is essential in older patients.)
由於預防性干預(心血管疾病、降低中風風險、降低急性MI風險),可能會服用更多藥物。
(Likely to be on more medications due to preventative interventions (cardiovascular disease, stroke risk reduction, acute MI risk reduction).)多種疾病 = 複雜的藥物混合物。
(Multi-morbidities = complex drug cocktails.)老年人更容易患上 ADR。
(Older adults are more prone to developing ADRs.)指南基於單一條件,不考慮多種發病率。
(Guidelines are based on single conditions and don't account for multi-morbidity.)
處方注意事項清單 (Prescribing Considerations Checklist)
藥物的適應症,確保是必需的(避免處方級聯)。
(Indication of the medication, ensure it is required (avoid the prescribing cascade).)根據副作用、合併症、安全性等選擇最佳藥物。
(Select the best drug based on side effect profile, comorbidities, safety profile etc.)確定適合患者的劑量和頻率。
(Determine appropriate dose and frequency for the patient.)給葯和依從性 - 考慮給葯和依從性的障礙。
(Administration and adherence - consider barriers to administration and adherence.)
處方級聯 (The Prescribing Cascade)
將 ADR 誤解為一種藥物(作為一種新的醫療狀況),導致隨後不適當地開具第二種藥物的處方。
(Misinterpretation of ADR to one drug (as a new medical condition) leading to subsequent inappropriate prescription of a second drug.)
藥物依從性 (Medication Adherence)
老年患者的依從率較低(接近50%)。
(Adherence rates are low among older patients (approaching 50%).)不依從性不一定僅與年齡增長有關。
(Non-adherence is not necessarily related to advancing age alone.)對他們為什麼服用藥物的理解有限。
(Limited understanding of why they are taking medications.)認知功能受損。
(Impaired cognitive function.)給藥方案的複雜性。
(Complexity of dosing regime.)副作用/ADR。
(Side effects/ADRs.)殘疾/身體機能。
(Disability/physical function.)
藥物依從性 - 解決方案 (Medication Adherence - Solutions)
讓患者和護理人員參與有關其藥物的決策。
(Get patients and carers involved in decisions regarding their medications.)提供有關藥物治療的明確資訊和建議 - 但不要超負荷!
(Provide clear information and advice about drug treatments – but don’t overload!)避免多藥治療。
(Avoid polypharmacy.)使用合規性輔助工具。
(Use compliance aids.)對於關節炎手,請使用普通/翼帽而不是“Clic-Loks”。
(Use plain/wing caps instead of “Clic-Loks” for arthritic hands.)合規性輔助工具,例如Haleraid®、大字標籤。
(Compliance aids e.g. Haleraid®, large print labels.)不要用分配標籤蓋住盒子上的盲文。
(Don’t cover braille on the box with the dispensing label.)
其他處方注意事項 (Additional Prescribing Considerations)
監控有效性。
(Monitor for effectiveness.)監控安全。
(Monitor for safety.)疾病-藥物相互作用。
(Disease-drug interactions.)
藥物-疾病相互作用 (Drug-Disease Interactions)
藥物 (Drug) | 疾病 (Disease) | 可能的結果 (Potential Outcome) |
|---|---|---|
抗膽鹼能藥物 (Anticholinergic drugs) | 失智 (Dementia) | 讖妄 (Delirium) |
抗精神病藥 (Antipsychotics) | 帕金森病 (Parkinson’s disease) | PD 症狀惡化 (Worsening of PD symptoms) |
阿司匹林 (Aspirin) | 消化性潰瘍病 (Peptic ulcer disease) | 消化道出血 (Gastrointestinal bleeding) |
第一年 CCB (First-generation CCBs) | 充血性心力衰竭 (Congestive heart failure) | 心力衰竭惡化 (Worsening of heart failure) |
甲氧氯普胺 (Metoclopramide) | 帕金森病 (Parkinson’s disease) | PD 症狀惡化 (Worsening of PD symptoms) |
非甾體抗炎藥 (NSAIDs) | 腎功能下降 (Decreased renal function) | 腎功能衰竭 (Renal failure) |
非甾體抗炎藥 (NSAIDs) | 心力衰竭 (Heart failure) | 心力衰竭惡化 (Worsening of heart failure) |
噻嗪類 (Thiazides) | 痛風 (Gout) | 痛風惡化 (Worsening of gout) |
三環類抗抑鬱藥 (Tricyclic antidepressants) | 癲癇 (Epilepsy) | 較低的癲癇發作閾值 (Lower seizure threshold) |
藥物間相互作用 (Drug-Drug Interactions)
藥物間相互作用 (Drug-drug interactions) | 結果 (Outcome) |
|---|---|
ACEIs 和鉀保留利尿劑 (ACEIs & potassium sparing diuretics) | 高鉀血症 (Hyperkalaemia) |
苯二氮卓類藥物和CYP3A4抑製劑 (Benzodiazepines & CYP3A4 inhibitors) | 瀑布 (Falls) |
華法林和非甾體抗炎藥 (Warfarin & NSAIDs) | 胃腸道出血 (GI bleed) |
呋塞米 & 地高辛 (Furosemide & digoxin) | 低鉀血症 (Hypokalaemia) |
多奈哌齊 & β-阻滯劑 (Donepezil & beta-blockers) | 心動過緩和低血壓 (Bradycardia & hypotension) |
多巴胺激動劑和甲氧氯普胺 (Dopamine agonists & metoclopramide) | 帕金森病惡化 (Worsening of Parkinson’s disease) |
利尿劑和利尿劑 (Diuretic & diuretic) | 脫水和電解質失衡 (Dehydration & electrolyte imbalance) |
氨氯地平和硝酸鹽 (Amlodipine & nitrate) | 低血壓和跌倒 (Hypotension & falls) |
苯二氮卓類藥物和抗抑鬱藥 (Benzodiazepine & antidepressant) | 鎮靜、意識模糊、跌倒 (Sedation, confusion, falls) |
β-blockers 和 α-blockers | 頭暈和跌倒 (Dizziness & falls) |
最終處方注意事項 (Final Prescribing Considerations)
重新評估藥物並定期審查 - 需要時取消處方!
(Re-evaluate medication and review periodically - deprescribe when required!)不適當的處方可能會導致與藥物相關的傷害,從而導致老年患者的不良結局。
(Inappropriate prescribing is likely to lead to medication-related harm leading to poor outcomes for older patients.)
關於多藥治療的說明 (A Note on Polypharmacy)
“多藥治療”沒有共識定義。
(No consensus definition for "polypharmacy.")大多數研究使用每天 5 種或更多藥物的數位閾值。
(Most studies have used a numerical threshold of 5 or more medications per day.)大約 40% 的老年人服用 5-9 種藥物。
(Approximately 40% of older adults take 5-9 medications.)
多藥治療:患者實例 (Polypharmacy: Patient Examples)
患者 A (女性):
(Patient A (female):)阿侖膦酸週刊(始於 2014 年)
(Alendronic acid weekly (started 2014).)硫酸亞鐵 200 毫克 TDS
(Ferrous sulphate 200mg TDS.)索利那新
(Solifenacin.)阿哌沙班
(Apixaban.)利尿磺胺
(Furosemide.)利格列汀
(Linagliptin.)褪黑素
(Melatonin.)米拉貝隆
(Mirabegron.)普瑞巴林
(Pregabalin.)坦索羅辛
(Tamsulosin.)
患者 B(男性):
(Patient B (male):)與患者 A 相同,但比索洛爾代替阿侖膦酸
(Same as Patient A except Bisoprolol instead of Alendronic acid.)
患者 A:
(Patient A:)Hb 範圍
(Hb in range.)便秘
(Constipated.)
患者 B:
(Patient B:)療養院
(Nursing home.)臥床不起
(Bedbound.)長期導管
(Long-term catheter.)心房顫動
(Atrial Fibrillation.)心力衰竭
(Heart failure.)T2DM 型
(T2DM.)良性前列腺增生
(BPH.)周圍神經病變
(Peripheral neuropathy.)失禁
(Incontinence.)失眠
(Insomnia.)
藥物相關危害 (MRH) (Medicines Related Harm - MRH)
對396名從老人病房出院的虛弱住院患者進行的前瞻性佇列研究。
(Prospective cohort study of 396 frail inpatients discharged from the old persons’ unit.)五分之二的虛弱患者患有 MRH,88% 的患者需要調整治療,超過一半的患者可以預防。
(Two in five frail patients had MRH, 88% required treatment modification and more than half preventable.)156 名患者再次入院; 67 例患有 MRH。
(156 patients were re-admitted into hospital; 67 with MRH.)約三分之一的 MRH 事件 = 不依從性。
(~1/3 of MRH incidents = non-adherence.)
老年人處方的關鍵原則 (Key Principles for Prescribing in Older People)
使用最低有效劑量。
(Use the lowest effective dose.)預測藥物間相互作用。
(Anticipate drug-drug interactions.)考慮藥物-疾病相互作用。
(Consider drug-disease interactions.)警惕藥物不良事件 (ADE)。
(Be alert to adverse drug events (ADEs).)監測治療。
(Monitor therapy.)避免處方級聯。
(Avoid the prescribing cascade.)促進一致性。
(Promote concordance.)獲取患者的觀點!在合理的情況下讓照顧者參與進來!
(Obtain the patient's perspective! Involve carers where reasonable!)識別系統弱點。
(Recognize system weaknesses.)重複處方和藥物審查。
(Repeat prescribing and medication review.)