2024_ Unit 1 Energy Storage Systems

Introduction (4 Hours)

  • Storage Needs:

    • Variations in energy demand and supply

    • Interruptions in energy supply

    • Transmission congestion

    • Portable energy demands

  • Role of Energy Storage Systems:

    • Overview of energy storage technologies:

      • Thermal, Mechanical, Chemical, Electrochemical, Electrical

    • Efficiency of energy storage systems

Electrical and Chemical Energy Storage (8 Hours)

  • Batteries: Types and charging methodologies

  • Supercapacitors

  • Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES):

    • Charging methodologies,

    • State of Charge (SoC),

    • State of Health (SoH) estimation,

    • Battery modeling

  • Mechanical and Thermal Energy Storage:

    • Flywheels, Pumped Hydro Storage, Aquiferous Cold Storage, Cryogenic Storage, High-temperature storage (PCM)

Hydrogen Production and Storage, Fuel Cells (5 Hours)

  • Electrolyzer technologies

  • Hydrogen storage technologies

  • Fuel cell technologies

Mobile Storage System (5 Hours)

  • Storage requirements for electric vehicles

  • Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technologies

Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (5 Hours)

  • Hybrid energy storage requirements

  • High Frequency and Low Frequency energy storage mediums,

  • Configurations and applications

Applications of Energy Storage Systems (10 Hours)

  • Storage for renewable sources:

    • Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Fuel Cells

  • Energy management in microgrids and smart grids

  • Increase energy conversion efficiencies by introducing energy storage

System Integration of Energy Storage Solutions (5 Hours)

  • Integration with power generation units and grid management.

Text/Reference Books

  1. Ter-Gazarian, G., "Energy Storage for Power Systems", Second Edition (IET, 2011)

  2. Díaz-González et al., "Energy Storage in Power Systems" (Wiley, 2016)

  3. Pendse, A.R., "Energy Storage Science and Technology" (SBS Publishers, 2011)

  4. Electric Power Research Institute, "Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options" (2010)

  5. Denholm, P. et al., "The Role of Energy Storage with Renewable Electricity Generation" (NREL, 2010)

  6. Stolten, D., "Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications" (Wiley, 2010)

Key Concepts in Energy Storage

Energy Types

  • Stored (Potential) Energy: Energy stored in various forms, e.g., Chemical, Nuclear, Mechanical, Gravitational.

  • Kinetic Energy: Energy in motion, encompasses various forms including Radiant, Thermal, Motion, Sound, Electrical.

Definitions and Classifications

  • Primary Energy Sources: Found or stored in nature without conversion, e.g. coal, solar, nuclear (e.g., geothermal, hydro).

  • Secondary Energy Sources: Result from the conversion of primary sources; examples include electricity and petrol.

  • Commercial Energy: Energy sources available for a price, driving modern industrial and agricultural development.

  • Non-Commercial Energy: Traditional fuels not bought in the market, e.g., firewood, animal dung.

  • Renewable Energy: Sources that are inexhaustible, e.g., solar and wind.

  • Non-Renewable Energy: Depleting sources such as fossil fuels.

Energy Storage Systems and Technologies

Energy Storage Processes

  1. Charging: Loading energy into storage.

  2. Storing: Holding energy for future use.

  3. Discharging: Unloading energy when needed.

Types of Energy Storage Technologies

  • Mechanical:

    • Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS)

    • Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

    • Flywheel Energy Storage

  • Electrical:

    • Supercapacitors

    • Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

  • Chemical:

    • Hydrogen storage

    • Battery energy storage systems (BESS)

  • Thermal:

    • Molten Salt Energy Storage

    • Ice Storage for cooling

Market Trends

  • Energy Storage Market Size: Forecasted growth from USD 170 billion (2022) to USD 85 billion (2032).

  • India's Energy Storage Projections: 82.37 GWh (2026-27), 411.4 GWh (2031-32), 2380 GWh (2047).

Energy Storage Applications

  • Black Start: Assist power restoration post-blackout.

  • Backup Power: Provides emergency power during grid failures.

  • Peak Shaving: Reduces demand during peak usage to alleviate grid pressure.

  • Time Shifting: Stores energy during low demand for use when demand increases.

Conclusion

  • Energy storage is pivotal in balancing supply and demand, increasing the reliability of energy systems, and achieving carbon reduction goals.