MIL REVIEWER 1ST QUARTER AYOKO NA

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?

  • Definition 1 (Merriam-Webster): the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else.
  • Definition 2 (Cambridge): the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding.
  • Key idea: Communication is the mechanism by which ideas, feelings, and information are shared to achieve understanding between people or groups.

BASIC TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

  • NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
    • Types: Signs, Symbols, Colors, Gestures, Body language, Facial expressions
  • VERBAL COMMUNICATION
    • Types: Oral, Written
    • Mediums and modes for conveying messages through words and sounds
  • Visual/other cues serve as part of non-verbal communication and can reinforce or contradict spoken words.

MEDIA, INFORMATION, AND THEIR IMPACT ON COMMUNICATION

  • INFORMATION: data, knowledge derived from study, experience, or instruction, signals or symbols; knowledge of specific events or situations
  • MEDIA: communication tools; broad term covering processed data, knowledge from study, experience, instruction, signals or symbols
  • Relationship: media are the channels/tools through which information is transmitted; media choices shape how information is processed and understood
  • Visuals:
    • Media tools include radio, television, computers, film, etc.
    • Information is the content that is communicated via these tools

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY (DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS)

  • Term distinctions (from MIL UNESCO 2011):
    • MEDIA LITERACY: The ability to read, analyze, evaluate and produce communication in a variety of media forms
    • INFORMATION LITERACY: The ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use and communicate information in its various formats
    • TECHNOLOGY (DIGITAL) LITERACY: The ability to use digital technology, communication tools or networks to locate, evaluate, use, and create information
  • Correct definitions emphasize skills for critical engagement with information and media across contexts

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY (DEFINITIONS AND PURPOSE)

  • Essential skills and competencies to engage with media and information providers effectively
  • Develop critical thinking and lifelong learning to socialize and become active citizens
  • Core concept: empowerment through informed, critical participation in information ecosystems

NETIQUETTE

  • Netiquette: a portmanteau of “net” and “etiquette”; etiquette is the customary code of polite behavior in society or a profession
  • Netiquette rules govern respectful, effective online communication (emails, social media, chats, etc.)
  • Not legally binding; rules vary by platform and participants

COMMON UNDERSTANDING OF NETIQUETTE RULES (10 RULES)

  • Rule 1: Remember the Human
  • Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life
  • Rule 3: Know where you are in cyberspace
  • Rule 4: Respect other people's time and bandwidth
  • Rule 5: Make yourself look good online
  • Rule 6: Share expert knowledge
  • Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under control
  • Rule 8: Respect other people's privacy
  • Rule 9: Don't abuse your power
  • Rule 10: Be forgiving of other people's mistakes

EMAIL ETIQUETTE: COMMON MISTAKES AND CORRECTIONS

  • Common mistakes in email etiquette (Type, Subject Line, Address, Tone)
    • Vague subject lines: e.g., "Check this out!" (too vague)
    • Too long subject lines: e.g., lengthy descriptions
    • Inappropriate or casual email addresses: e.g.,birthday-related or random free-mail domains
    • Inappropriate tone: overly casual or unprofessional
  • How to correct:
    • Use clear, concise subject lines: e.g., "Project Meeting - July 15" or "Weekly Project Update: Key Points"
    • Use professional email addresses: e.g., john.doe@company.com; jane.smith@corporation.com
    • Maintain a professional tone appropriate to the audience
  • Grammar and spelling errors corrected:
    • Common examples shown: misspellings like "recieved" vs. "received"; manage tone; avoid excess emojis in professional messages
    • Corrected forms: "We received your request."; "Their report is ready."; balanced use of emojis when appropriate
  • Content and structure:
    • Lengthy paragraphs; disorganized content; missing dates or action items; use short paragraphs (3-4 sentences), clear headings, and include essential details
    • Opening lines should be relevant and personalized; avoid generic openings
    • Include critical details (dates, action points) and contextual references
  • Responding to emails:
    • Prioritize urgency; acknowledge receipt; provide thorough responses
    • Use CC for stakeholders who need to know; BCC for large groups; avoid overuse of Reply All
    • Confirm recipient details; use encryption for sensitive data

TRADITIONAL MEDIA VS NEW MEDIA

  • Traditional media (one-directional experience; limited interactivity; specific sense receptors: sight, hearing)
  • New media (interactive; audiences can provide feedback; integrates old and new media; cross-platform distribution)
  • Examples of traditional vs new media include platforms like Twitter, Facebook, Digg, LinkedIn, YouTube, etc.

EVOLUTION OF MEDIA

  • A. Pre-Industrial Age (before 1700s)
    • Early forms: cave paintings, paper from plants, metal tools; fire discovery
  • B. Industrial Age (1700s–1930s)
    • Printing press, movable type (Johannes Gutenberg); spread of books
    • Newspapers and formal journals; London Gazette (1640)
    • Telegraphic telecommunication advances; emergence of mass-produced information
  • C. Electronic Age (1930s–1980s)
    • Invention of the transistor; rise of transistor radios, electronic circuits, early computers
    • Broadcast technology: television; live broadcasting (e.g., 1936 Berlin Olympics)
    • Computers: UNIVAC I; early mainframes; transition toward personal computers (HP 9100A, Apple I)
  • D. Information Age (1970s–present)
    • Personal computers become widespread; Internet, World Wide Web; search engines (Google, Yahoo)
    • Digital media ecosystems: browsers (Mosaic, Internet Explorer), video platforms (YouTube), social networks (Friendster, Facebook, Twitter)
    • Notable milestones: first laptop (Osborne 1, 1981); first notebook (Epson HX-20, 1980); first internet-era gadgets; smartphones and cloud computing emergence

KEY INVENTORS AND INNOVATIONS IN MEDIA HISTORY

  • Samuel F. B. Morse: telegraph and Morse code (dots and dashes) to enable fast long-distance communication
    • Motivation: speed up long-distance messages; mechanical telegraph; coding via dots/dashes
  • Herman Hollerith: punch-card based data processing; tabulating machine; built to process the 1880 U.S. Census faster
  • IBM: evolution from Hollerith’s technology to modern computing infrastructure
  • Printing press (Gutenberg; movable type) and mass printing as a catalyst for information dissemination
  • London Gazette (1640) as an official government journal
  • Typewriter: early forms in 1714; commercially successful by Sholes (1870s)
  • Telephone: Bell, 1876; transformed long-distance voice communication
  • Motion pictures: late 19th to early 20th centuries; silent films to sound films (1926)
  • Overhead projectors (OHP): early classroom display technology (1962 internal debut with Fresnel lens)
  • Apple I (1976) and Osborne 1 (1981) as early personal computers; milestone for personal computing
  • UNIVAC I (1951–1952): early commercial computer that demonstrated predictive capacity (election forecasting)

IP AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES

  • Intellectual Property (IP): creations of the mind (inventions, literary/artistic works, designs, symbols, names, and images in commerce)
  • Republic Act No. 8293 (Intellectual Property Code): provides for IP office powers and functions; protects creators’ rights; encourages innovation and foreign investment; streamlines IP registration and enforcement
  • IP DEPOT: a digital platform by IPOPHL for IP owners to promote assets for commercialization; showcases patents, trademarks, copyrights, and industrial designs
  • Types of IP in the Philippines:
    • Copyright and Related Rights (books, music, films)
    • Trademarks and Service Marks (brand names, logos)
    • Patents (inventions, technologies)
    • Geographic Indications
    • Industrial Designs
    • Utility Models

INCLUSIVE MEDIA ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND LIBRARIES

  • Sources of information: libraries, indigenous media, internet
  • What is a library? A place where literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials are kept for use but not for sale (per Merriam-Webster)
  • 4 major types of libraries: Academic, Public, School, Special
    • Academic: serves colleges and universities
    • Public: serves cities and towns
    • School: serves K-12 students
    • Special: for specific subjects or groups (hospitals, corporations, museums, government, etc.)
  • Special libraries examples: law libraries, medical libraries, business libraries, museum/art libraries, government libraries
  • Indigenous media and Indigenous knowledge
    • Indigenous people: original inhabitants with distinct cultures, languages, and connections to ancestral land
    • Examples of groups: Aeta, Ifugao, Kalinga, Lumad, Mangyan
    • Indigenous knowledge: knowledge unique to a culture, often not written
    • Indigenous media forms: folk/traditional media, gatherings/organizations, direct observation, records (written/carved/oral), oral instruction

INTERNET AND EVALUATING INFORMATION

  • Internet: global computer network of interconnected networks using standardized protocols
  • Evaluating information using RAVAT: Reliability, Accuracy, Value, Authority, Timeliness
  • Reliability: verifiability and trustworthiness of information sources; key checks include author, publication date, citations, domain/ownership
  • Accuracy: closeness to actual data; cross-reference facts; verify reasons for writing/publishing
  • Value: aids decision making; importance to decision-maker; quality data
  • Authority: credibility of author/publisher; source credibility matters
  • Timeliness: relevance over time; some information remains timeless while other data age

HOW TO SPOT FAKE NEWS

  • Check the source and investigate the site’s mission and contact info
  • Read beyond the headline; assess the full story
  • Check the author; verify credibility
  • Check supporting sources; assess whether links actually support claims
  • Check the date; avoid reposted old news as current
  • Check your biases; consider whether beliefs affect judgment
  • Determine if the piece is satire or a joke
  • Consult experts or fact-checking sites for verification

TYPES OF MEDIA AND MEDIA CONVERGENCE

  • Types of media: Print, Broadcast, Film/Cinema, New Media
  • New Media characteristics: interactive, two-way communication, digital platforms
  • Social media defined: forms of electronic communication that enable online communities to share information, ideas, and messages
  • Media Convergence: coexistence of traditional and new media; content flows across platforms; digital code transformation enables cross-device access

DISSEMINATING INFORMATION: LANGUAGE AND CODES

  • Language as technical and symbolic ingredients/media professionals use to communicate ideas
  • Media language conveys meaning through signs and symbols; scene setup, composition, and filming choices affect interpretation
  • Codes and conventions:
    • SYMBOLIC CODES: show underlying meaning (objects, setting, body language, color)
    • TECHNICAL CODES: camera work, editing, sound, lighting; how equipment is used to tell the story
    • WRITTEN CODES: printed/written language, layout, typography
    • SETTING, MIS-EN-SCÈNE, ACTING, COLOR: elements of symbolic codes
  • Additional coding concepts:
    • FORM CONVENTIONS: expectations about arrangement of codes (e.g., masthead, news order in newspapers; typical openings/credits in films)
    • STORY CONVENTIONS: narrative structures, cause/effect, character construction, POV
    • GENRE CONVENTIONS: tropes, characters, settings typical of a genre

CAMERA BASICS: SHOTS, ANGLES, AND MOVEMENTS

  • Basic camera shots:
    • EXTREME WIDE SHOT
    • WIDE SHOT
    • MID SHOT
    • MEDIUM CLOSE UP
    • CLOSE UP
    • EXTREME CLOSE UP
  • Advance camera shots:
    • CUT-IN, CUTAWAY, TWO-SHOT, OVER-THE-SHOULDER, NODDY SHOT, POINT OF VIEW, WEATHER SHOT
  • Camera angles:
    • BIRD'S-EYE VIEW / OVERHEAD
    • HIGH ANGLE
    • EYE LEVEL
    • LOW ANGLE
    • WORM'S-EYE VIEW
    • DUTCH/CANTED ANGLE
  • Camera movements:
    • PAN, TILT, ZOOM
    • DOLLY, TRUCK, PEDestal
  • Key takeaway: each shot/angle/movement has narrative and emotional implications (power, perspective, pacing, emphasis)

MEDIA ROLES IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY

  • Channel: provides opportunities to communicate, share ideas, tell stories, and provide information
  • Watchdog: exposes corruption; scrutiny of governance; supports free and fair elections
  • Resource Center: gateway to information; preserves heritage; supports academic knowledge
  • Advocate: bridges digital divide; supports social justice and inclusive information access

THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)

  • IoT describes physical objects embedded with sensors/actuators that communicate with computing systems over networks
  • Enables digital monitoring and control of the physical world

SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND LIBRARIES

  • News sources: ABC, NBC, CNN, FOX, MSNBC, etc.; social media streams (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube) as information sources
  • Libraries, Indigenous media, and Internet as primary information sources

TYPES OF LIBRARIES (DETAILED)

  • ACADEMIC LIBRARY: serves colleges and universities
  • PUBLIC LIBRARY: serves cities and towns
  • SCHOOL LIBRARY: serves K-12 students
  • SPECIAL LIBRARY: serves specific subjects or groups (hospitals, corporations, museums, government, etc.)

INDIGENOUS MEDIA AND KNOWLEDGE (INDIGENOUS PERSPECTIVE)

  • Indigenous media: forms of media expression produced and circulated by Indigenous peoples globally
  • Indigenous knowledge: knowledge unique to a culture, often not written
  • Indigenous media forms include folk/traditional media, gatherings/organizations, direct observation, records (written/carved/oral), and oral instruction

INTERNET (DEFINITION)

  • A global computer network providing information and communication facilities via interconnected networks using standardized protocols

EVALUATING INFORMATION: RAVAT

  • Reliability: verify and assess trustworthiness; consider author, date, citations, domain
  • Accuracy: closeness to actual data; cross-reference
  • Value: usefulness for decision-making; quality data
  • Authority: credibility of source; expertise of author
  • Timeliness: relevance over time; some information remains timeless

TYPES OF MEDIA (RECAP)

  • Print Media: paper and ink; traditional printing processes
  • Broadcast Media: radio and television; reach audiences via airwaves
  • Film/Cinema: moving images; storytelling through visuals
  • New Media: digital platforms; interactive content; two-way communication
  • Media Convergence: integration of old and new media; cross-platform content distribution

MEDIA LANGUAGE, SIGNS, AND CODES

  • Media language: how meaning is conveyed through signs, symbols, and technical choices
  • SYMBOLIC CODES: objects, setting, color, body language; indicate deeper meaning
  • TECHNICAL CODES: camera work, editing, lighting, sound; how production techniques convey message
  • WRITTEN CODES: headlines, captions, language style, typography
  • SETTING and MIS-EN-SCÈNE: where/when; arrangement of elements within the frame
  • ACTING and COLOR: performance and color symbolism influence interpretation

BASIC CAMERA SHOTS AND ANGLES (DETAILED)

  • Basic Shots:
    • EXTREME WIDE SHOT
    • WIDE SHOT
    • MID SHOT
    • MEDIUM CLOSE UP
    • CLOSE UP
    • EXTREME CLOSE UP
  • Advanced Shots:
    • CUT-IN, CUTAWAY, TWO-SHOT, OVER-THE-SHOULDER, NODDY SHOT, POINT OF VIEW, WEATHER SHOT
  • Camera Angles:
    • BIRD'S-EYE VIEW / OVERHEAD
    • HIGH ANGLE
    • EYE LEVEL
    • LOW ANGLE
    • WORM'S-EYE VIEW
    • DUTCH/CANTED ANGLE
  • Camera Movements:
    • PAN, TILT, ZOOM, DOLLY, TRUCK, PEDestal

INDIVIDUALS & HISTORICAL MEDIA TIMELINE (SELECTED KEY POINTS)

  • Early cave paintings: ~13000extBC13000 ext{ BC} to 12700extBC12700 ext{ BC} (Bhimbetka rock shelters) demonstrating early symbolic communication
  • Clay tablets with Cuneiform: 2400extBC2400 ext{ BC} (Mesopotamia)
  • Hieroglyphics: 2500extBC2500 ext{ BC} (Egypt)
  • Papyrus in Egypt (ancient writing material)
  • Acta Diurna in Rome: 130extBC130 ext{ BC} (public notices)
  • Dibao in China: 2nd century (imperial bulletins)
  • Printing press using wood blocks: 220extAD220 ext{ AD}
  • Maya codices: 5th century (codices with pictorial glyphs)
  • The London Gazette (1640): official journal of record
  • Typewriter invention and commercial success: 18th–19th centuries; Sholes and the late 1800s
  • Telephone: 18761876
  • Motion pictures: late 1800s; sound films around 1926
  • Telegraph and Morse code: 1830s–1840s; first official telegraph message in 1844
  • Hollerith tabulating machine: late 19th century; later IBM evolution
  • Precursor to electronic computing: UNIVAC I (1951–1952); early forecasting demonstrations
  • Personal computers: HP 9100A (1968); Apple I (1976)
  • Overhead projectors and education tech: 1962 development
  • Internet-era milestones: Mosaic browser (1993); Internet Explorer (1995); Google (1996); YouTube (2005); Twitter (2006); Friendster (2002); Facebook (2004)

TIMELINE SUMMARY OF SELECTED PIVOTAL ITEMS

  • Printing press and mass production of text: 15extthcentury15 ext{th century} onward
  • Telegraph and Morse code: 1830s−1840s1830s-1840s
  • Telephone: 18761876
  • Radio and television: 20th century advances
  • UNIVAC I: 1951−19521951-1952; early predictive computers
  • Personal computers: late 1970s to early 1980s (HP 9100A; Apple I, Apple II)
  • Internet and World Wide Web: 1990s; browsers and search engines
  • Social media and online video: 2000s–present

TERMINOLOGY REFERENCE

  • Media: broad term for channels/tools used to communicate information
  • Information: data/tools for knowledge and understanding
  • Literacy: ability to identify, interpret, evaluate, create and communicate information
  • Technology (Digital) Literacy: ability to use digital tools to locate, evaluate, and create information

SUMMARY OF KEY CONCEPTS

  • Communication Fundamentals: verbal vs non-verbal; media influence on transmission and processing of messages
  • Media and Information Literacy: critical ability to engage with information and media across formats
  • Netiquette and Email Etiquette: standards for respectful online behavior and professional communication
  • Evolution of Media: progression from cave paintings and clay tablets to digital and networked media
  • Evaluation of Information: RAVAT framework for reliability, accuracy, value, authority, and timeliness
  • Indigenous Media and Knowledge: recognition of non-dominant media forms and knowledge systems
  • IP and IP Law: protecting intellectual property to foster innovation and economic growth
  • Media Language and Codes: understanding how signs, codes, and conventions convey meaning
  • Visual Communication Skills: cameraShots, angles, movements; how media production choices shape interpretation

KEY LAtex-ENVELOPED ELEMENTS

  • Important dates and numbers mentioned in the content (formatted as math where appropriate):
    • 16401640 (London Gazette)
    • 2400extBC2400 ext{ BC} (Mesopotamian clay tablets)
    • 2500extBC2500 ext{ BC} (Hieroglyphics)
    • 130extBC130 ext{ BC} (Acta Diurna in Rome)
    • 220extAD220 ext{ AD} (Printing press with wood blocks)
    • 1830s−1840s1830s-1840s (Morse code and telegraph)
    • 18761876 (Telephone)
    • 18901890 (Motion pictures development)
    • 1930s−1980s1930s-1980s (Electronic Age; transistor revolution)
    • 19681968 (HP 9100A)
    • 19761976 (Apple I)
    • 1993−19951993-1995 (Mosaic to Internet Explorer)
    • 19961996 (Google founded)
    • 20022002 (Friendster)
    • 20042004 (Facebook)
    • 2005−20112005-2011 (YouTube evolution)
  • These dates illustrate the chronological development of media technologies and information practices.