Japanese Language Practice Flashcards

Expressing Plans and Intentions

• The Concept of Plans ($よてい - よてい$):

  • Definition: The word $よてい$ translates to "plan" or "schedule."

  • Grammar Structure: To express a plan to do something, use the formula: $\text{Verb (Dictionary Form)} + よていです$

  • Examples:

    • "ともだちにあうよていです (Tomodachi ni au yotei desu)": I plan to meet a friend.\n * ふゆやすみに にほんにいくよていです (Fuyuyasumi ni Nihon ni iku yotei desu)": I plan to go to Japan during winter vacation.\n\n* **Key Vocabulary for Plans**:\n * ふゆやすみ (Fuyuyasumi): Winter vacation.\n * がっこう (Gakkou): School.\n\n* **Motion Verbs and Particles**:\n * がっこうにいきます: I go to school / I will go to school.\n * あしたがっこうにいきます: I will go to school tomorrow.\n\n# Mathematical Expressions and Arithmetic\n\n* **Positive and Negative Numbers**:\n * **Plus**: プラス (Purasu).\n * Example: +1$degree:$プラス いちど (Purasu ichido).\n * **Minus**: マイナス (Mainasu).\n * Example: -1$degree:$マイナス いちど (Mainasu ichido).\n\n* **Subtraction**:\n * The verb for "to pull" or "to subtract" is 引く (ひく).\n * **Equation Structure**:\n * 2 - 1 = 1$:$ ext{2 ひく 1 は 1 です} (2 hiku 1 wa 1 desu).\n * 1 - 2 = -1$:$ ext{1 ひく 2 はマイナス 1 です} (1 hiku 2 wa mainasu 1 desu).\n\n# State of Being and Daily Vocabulary\n\n* **Physical and Mental States**:\n * ねむいです: I am sleepy.\n * Example: いま ねむいです: I am sleepy now.\n * つかれてます: I am tired.\n\n* **Knowledge and Memory**:\n * **Knowing**:\n * しりません: I don't know.\n * わかりません: I don't understand / I don't know.\n * **Remembering**:\n * おぼえる: To remember.\n * わすれました: I forgot.\n * なにもおぼえてません: I do not remember anything.\n\n* **Opinions and Emphasis**:\n * いいとおもいます: I think it is good.\n * マジ (Maji): Really? (Casual/Slang).\n * ほんとうに? (Hontou ni?): Really? / Truly?\n\n* **Miscellaneous Vocabulary**:\n * ヤニ (Yani): Ash (often referring to cigarette nicotine/tar).\n * ヤニねこ (Yani neko).\n * たくさん: A lot.\n * しょうがくせい: Elementary school student.\n * りゃうがくせい: International student.\n * ぎんこう: Bank.\n * しゃしんをとりました: I took a photo.\n\n# Time and Duration\n\n* **Hours and Months Counters**:\n * **Hours duration**: じかん (Jikan).\n * Grammar: \text{Number} + じかん\n * Example: にじかん: For two hours.\n * **Months duration**: かぢつ (Kagetsu).\n * Example: いっかぢつ$: One month ($1 month).\n\n* **Past Time References**:\n * **Agou**: まえ (Mae).\n * Example: にじかん まえ に: Two hours ago.\n * Example: にかぢつまえに: Two months ago.\n\n* **Specific Numbers**:\n * 15$:$じゅうご (Juugo).\n * July: しちがつ (Shichigatsu).\n\n# Past Tense Grammar: Nouns and Verbs\n\n* **Past Tense of Nouns (Affirmative and Negative)**:\n * **Polite Affirmative**: Change です$to$でした.\n * Example: かれはせんせいでした: He was a teacher.\n * **Polite Negative**: Change じゃないです$to$じゃなかったです.\n * Example: かれはせんせいじゃなかったです: He was not a teacher.\n\n* **Noun Practice Sentences**:\n * I was a student: わたしはがくせいでした.\n * Were you a student?: がくせいでしたか፰\n * I was not a student: わたしはがくせいじゃなかったです.\n * He was my teacher: かれはわたしのせんせいでした.\n * This was a bag: これはかばんでした.\n * This was not your bag: これはあなたのかばんじゃなかったです.\n * That (far) was a bank: あれはぎんこうでした.\n * This student was an international student: このがくせいはりゃうがくせいでした.\n\n* **Past Tense of Verbs**:\n * **Rule**: Change the polite verb ending ます$to$ました.\n * Example: これをたべました: I ate this.\n * Example: ゲームをしてました: I was playing games.\n\n# Quantitative Expressions and Particles\n\n* **Expressing "A Lot" (たくさん)**:\n * **Common Use Cases**:\n * たくさん たべました: I ate a lot.\n * たくさんこどもがいますね: There are a lot of children, aren't there?\n * たくさんやさいをたべました: I ate a lot of vegetables.\n * **Placement of たくさん**:\n * It can appear before the object: たくさんコーヒーをのみました.\n * It can appear after the particle: コーヒーを たくさんのみました.\n\n* **The Particle も (Also/Too)**:\n * Example: たくさんやさいもたべました: I also ate a lot of vegetables.\n\n* **Existential Verbs**:\n * 〜います: There are (used for living/animate objects).\n\n* **Duration Sentence Examples**:\n * これをにじかんたべました: I ate this for two hours.\n * Watch TV for four hours: てれびをよじかんみました$$.