Comparative government 4

chinese communist party-->unicameral

NPC:congress

CCP-->dominant party-->party system--> controls everything

-->constitution recognizes it as government's most powerful institution

-->elects president

-->approve premier

-->legistimizes policies of executive elcted\

Iran-->Majles

-->Theocracy-->majles are elected-->hold power to approve legislation

-->unicameral

-->oversees budget, confirms president nominees to cabinet

-->acts under supervison of guardian council to ensure compatability with Islam and Sharia law

-->expediency council

-->selected by Sharia law as an advisory committee to resolve potential issues between Majles +guardian council

Guardian Coucil

-->vets candidates

-->make sure Majles comply with Islamic/Sharia law

supreme leader -->guardian council

Mexico

Bicameral

upper house-->senate

-->unique power to confirm president appointments to supreme court

-->approve treaties

lower house-->chamber of deputes

house of representatives-->approve laws

russia

parliamentary hybrid system=bicameral

duma=lower house-->pass laws, confirm prime m insiter

federation council=upper house-->budgets, laws, treaties

upper--.House of lords

lower-->House of Commons

House of commons approves legislation, approves prime minister

House of Lords: review and amend bills from House of Commons

Independent Judiciaries

-degree of judicious independence from other branches depends on

-->length of judicial terms

-->process of removal

-->the proffessional+academic background

--> process of acquiring the job

-->amount of authority judiciary branch has over other branches

Independent Judiciary can be strengthed in a democracy by

--> maintaining checks and balances

-->protect liberties and rights

-->establishing a ROL

-->maintaining the seperation of powers

China

-judicial branch

-rule by law instead of a rule of law

-->rule of law:everyone needs to follow the same law

-->rule by law: certain individuals that don't have to follow the law (ex) people with lot of money

-subservient to the decisions of the communist party

-->

-controls the judiciary appointments

Iran

-1979 constitution of the islamic republic

-constitution wanted judiciary to have independent power

--> wanted to charge investigate it with past judgement on grievances :

-mainn function: ensure the legal system is based on Sharia law

-supreme leader appoints head of judiciary, can also nominate half of the guardian council, with approval from the majlis

-

Mexico

-judiciary is in transition

-presidnetal--> has federalism, 3 branches

-supreme court has the power of judicial review and subsequent amendments so they can make constitutional changes

-implemented with the intent of making the system more independent and effective

-appointed for 15 year terms with approval from senate

Nigeria

-has the power of judicial review

-have made effort to restablsih its legitimacy and independence by reducing corruption

-has federalism

-under system of federalism, the sharia courts have been established in the north

-cleavages: the northern part of nigeria is islamic( follow sharia law)

the southern part of nigeria is prodominantly christian

-jusitices are recommended by a judicial council and appointed by the president with confirmation from the senate

Russia

-since 1993--> russian government created court system that still exists today: constitutional court

-19 member that is pointed by president and confirmed by

-have the power of judicial review but has not been used to limit other branches

UK.

-judiciary system used the common law to enforce the rule of law

-major functions of supreme court include:

serves as final court of appeals

protecting liberties and rights

rulting on devolution disputes

Civil society

-has a range of voluntary associations that are autonomous from state

examples:

1. NGOs

2. local+religious groups

3. professional assosiations

The strength of a civil society or the strength and variety of a civil society organization how strong it is will depend on the regime type in which the operate

democratic regime<--->authoritarian regime

-->do not have the same freedoms

political culture

-collective attitudes, values+beliefs of the citizenery+ norms of behavior in the political system

-it also sets expectations of how politics should work and about the exercise of powers to establish a balance between social order and individual liberty

-political culture is influenced by family, religious traditions, geogrpahy, the rights of the individuals,

-political culture is transmitted through process of politicial socialization which is the lifelong process of acquiring one's beliefs, values,+ orientations towards political systems

-->agents of socialization: friends, family, etc

social/23political cleavage=internal divison that structure society and may be based on religion, ethnicity, territory etc

-->more conflict, more division

cross cutting:when multiple cleavages align and reinforce each other

coincinding/reinforcing: when cleavages overlap in a way to lessen tension

--> less conflict, more stability

religion divison: ex) christianity & muslim

regional cleavage

democratization

-->transition from authoritarian-->democratic regime

-->process can start or change direction the process as whole aims to result in

more competition, fairness and transparency in elections & universal suffrage for citizens

increased citization parrticipation in policy making

protected civil liberties and rights

equal treatment of citizens

establishment of the rule of law

democratization in comp. countries

-->mex+nig-->both have multiple political parties that compete in elections

--> both have had opposites take control after electoral defeat

-->both have voting rights for 18 year olds

both have created independent election commissions to reduce voter fraud and manipulation and enhance electoral competition

allowing multiple parties holding regular scheduled elections and reporting a high voter turnout rate can be indicators of democratization

1. pluralism

chekc google notes

2. corporatism

check google notes

mexico had corportaism(all decided by government)

--> transitioned to pluralist system where citizens can choose to belong to independent interest groups