bio 2

Ribosomes make proteins and are made out of RNA

Nucleolus - part of the nucleus that makes ribosomes; therefore, it’s always active

Endosymbiotic theory - mitochondria and plastids started as free-living bacteria

Plastids

outer membrane

inner membrane

thylakoid membrane - proof that chloroplasts descend from cyanobacteria

thylakoid disk - a circle-looking part of the thylakoid membrane

ribosomes

DNA in the shape of a ring, just like bacteria do it

stroma - inside chloroplast, outside the thylakoid

granum - separated section of several thylakoid disks; a thylakoid can have multiple grana

plants reflect green light and absorb green and blue light

we only get 10% of the energy from what we consume

cyanobacteria - main photosynthesizers on Earth (oceans)

membrane - separates the inside from the outside and allows different chemistry in and outside the membrane

thylakoid

membrane - phospholipid bilayer

lumen - inside the thylakoid

More H+ in lumen than outside, which creates a gradient

electron transport chain - ETC

photosystem II: quaternary structure - proteins, fats, pigments, metal ions, etc.; it’s fixed to the membrane. it breaks water into 2H+ O- and two electrons. Breaking water emits oxygen. Has green pigment.

Using the photons, the manganese atom gets photoexcited, and an electron changes orbits to an outer shell, but instead of returning to where it originally was, it jumps onto a carrier 1 - plastoquinone, which can move on the surface.

The electron then jumps onto a plastochrome complex, which cannot move. Meanwhile, the hydrogens from outside of the thylakoid get transported on the inside through the complex.

The electron jumps from the plastochrome complex onto the plastocyanin, which can move. It is fully on the inside of the thylakoid. from where, the electron goes onto the photosystem I, which cannot move and absorbs photons. It is also green. → NADP + e- → NADPH

ATP synthase - transports hydrogen ions against the gradient (from inside to the outside). It joins the phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate, making it into ATP; it works like a wheel.