Bio Final Review 2nd Semester

Second Semester Final Study Guide

UNIT 4 – Inheritance of Traits

  1. DNA/Genetic Material

a. Role of DNA- containstheinstructionsneededforanorganismtodevelop,survive,andreproducecontains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce

b. Structure of DNA - doublehelixdouble helix

c. What does DNA stand for? deoxyribonucleicaciddeoxyribonucleic acid

d. What are chromosomes? - threadlikestructuresmadeofproteinsandDNA,locatedinthenucleusofthecellthread like structures made of proteins and DNA, located in the nucleus of the cell

e. What are homologous chromosomes?- twochromosomesinapairnormallyinheritedfromthemotherandonefromthefathertwo chromosomes in a pair normally inherited from the mother and one from the father

f. Define haploid and diploid- havingasinglesetofunpairedchromosomes;containingtwocompletesetsofchromosomes,onefromeachparenthaving a single set of unpaired chromosomes; containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

g. What is the normal human chromosome number?- 23

h. What are gametes?- amaturehaploidorfemalegermcellwhichisabletounitewithanotheroftheoppositessexualreproductiontoformazygotea mature haploid or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposites sexual reproduction to form a zygote

  1. Meiosis

a. What is the main purpose of Meiosis?- toproducegameteswithhalfofthegeneticcomplementoftheparentcellsto produce gametes with half of the genetic complement of the parent cells

b. What is the result of Meiosis?- fourgametecellsfour gamete cells

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  1. Inheritance Terminology – Define the following.

a. Gene - thebasichereditypassedfromparenttochildthe basic heredity passed from parent to child

b. Allele - oneoftwoormorealternativeformsofagenehatarisebymutationandarefoundatthesameplaceonachromosomeone of two or more alternative forms of a gene hat arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

c. Trait - ageneticallydeterminedcharacteristica genetically determined characteristic

d. Homozygous - havingtwoidenticalallelesofaparticulargeneorgeneshaving two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes

e. Heterozygous - havingtwodifferentallelesofaparticulargeneorgeneshaving two different alleles of a particular gene or genes

f. Dominant - adominanttraitorgenea dominant trait or gene

g. Recessive - arecessivetraitorgenea recessive trait or gene

  1. Punnett Squares (reference practice sheets)

    

  1. Pedigrees    a. Know all symbols and how to differentiate between a marriage and offspring    b. Know how many generations are listed    c. Know the difference between male and female

 

UNIT 5- Structure, Function, and Growth

  1. Microscopes a. Know major parts/functions
  2. Organelles a. Know the different organelles/structures in animals vs. plants

i. Lysosome- anorganelleinthecytoplasmofeukaryoticcellscontainingdegradativeenzymesenclosedinamembranean organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane

ii. Large central vacuole- foundinplantcells,aspherefilledwithfluidandmoleculesthatstoreswaterandmaintainspressurefound in plant cells, a sphere filled with fluid and molecules that stores water and maintains pressure

iii. Chloroplast- aplastidthatcontainschlorophyllinawhichphotosynthesistakesplacea plastid that contains chlorophyll in a which photosynthesis takes place

iv. Cell Wall- arigidlayerofpolysaccharideslyingoutsidetheplasmamembraneofthecellsofplantsa rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants

v. Mitochondria- thebiochemicalprocessesofrespirationandenergyproductionoccurthe biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur

vi. Golgi Apparatus- afactoryinwhichproteinsarereceivedfromtheERarefurtherprocessedandsortedfortransporta factory in which proteins are received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport

vii. Nucleus- therepositoryofgeneticinformationandasthecell’scontrolcenter,DNAreplication,transcription,andRNAprocessingalloccurinherethe repository of genetic information and as the cell’s control center, DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing all occur in here

viii. Cell Membrane- thesemipermeablesurroundingthecytoplasmofacellthe semipermeable surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell

ix. Ribosomes- aminuteparticleconsistingofaRNAandassociatingproteinsfoundinlargenumbersinthecytoplasmoflivingcellsa minute particle consisting of a RNA and associating proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells

  1. Cell Cycle – Define the following

i. Interphase- periodofthecellcyclebetweencelldivisionsperiod of the cell cycle between cell divisions

ii. Mitosis- partofeukaryoticcelldivisionduringwhichthenucleusdividespart of eukaryotic cell division during which the nucleus divides

iii. Cytokinesis- divisionofthecytoplasmdivision of the cytoplasm

  1. DNA

a. Structure & Function

b. Components/Synthesis

i. Back bone- sugar and phosphate

ii. Bases- adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

iii. Base Pairing- a and t (apple in the tree) and c and g (car in the garage)

  1. RNA a. Structure & Function b. Components/Synthesis i. Back bone ii. Bases iii. Base Pairing iv. Comparison to DNA
  2. Protein Synthesis a. Structure & Function b. Components i. Amino acids ii. mRNA iii. iii. Codon c. Synthesis location and orderi. Translation ii. Transcription
  3. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
  4. Mutations
  5. Body Systems and Homeostasis    a. What is homeostasis?    b. Hierarchy of Living Things    c. Feedback mechanisms    i. Positive and example    ii. Negative and example    d. Be familiar with the Body Systems

Unit 6 – Ecosystems Stability and the Response to Climate Change.

  1. \    \    \    \    \    \    \    Human Impact on Ecosystems    Define and explain the following.    a. Anthropogenic Changes:b. Habitat Destruction:c. Deforestation:d. Invasive Species:e. Overexploitation:    f. Pollution:g. Impact of technology:    h. Impact of mining:i. Geosphere:j. Hydrosphere:    k. Atmosphere:    l. Biosphere:

What can you do?

  • \   \   \   Describe three things you can do to reduce greenhouse gases and reverse global warming.i.ii.iii.
  1. \    \    \    \    \    \    \    Climate and Ecosystemsa. What is climate change?b. What are the specific greenhouse gases and why are we concerned about them?c. Why are our oceans becoming more acidic?    d. Where events can we link carbon dioxide to?e. What is causing sea level rise?f. What are the environmental impacts on species?g. What is extinction?h. What are causes of extinction?

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