Practice Problems
5.1
1. Which evidence for evolution do the common features in the bone structure of vertebrate limbs provide?
A. Adaptive radiation
B. Divergent radiation
C. Convergent evolution
D. Discontinuous variation
2. What is the biological definition of the term evolution?
A. The changes shown by fossils over millions of years
B. The transmission of favorable variations to offspring
C. The cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population
D. The promotion of variation in a species by sexual reproduction
3.
State the relationship between brain mass and maximum life span [1]
Identify the group with the widest range of brain mass. [1]
.
Compare the brain mass and lifespan of primates and marsupials. [3]
Discuss how a larger brain size and longer life span might have contributed to the evolution of these species. [2]
4. Which of the following represent homologous features?
A. Wings in birds and insects
B. The appendix in humans and horses
C. Fins in fish and wings in birds
D. The striped coat of the zebra and the tiger
5. What characteristics describe homologous structures?
A. They have the same ancestral origin, but may have different functions.
B. They have the same ancestral origin and always have the same function.
C. They have different ancestral origins and may have different functions.
D. They have different ancestral origins, but always have the same function.
6. Which of the following are used as evidence for evolution?
I. Homologous structures
II. Selective breeding of domesticated animals
III. Overproduction of offspring
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
7.
What is the evolutionary relationship between X and Y?
A. They are analogous.
B. X is analogous and Y is homologous.
C. They are homologous.
D. They are neither homologous nor analogous.
8. Using the mammalian pentadactyl limb as an example, outline the process of adaptive radiation. [2]
5.1 answers
1. Which evidence for evolution do the common features in the bone structure of vertebrate limbs provide?
A. Adaptive radiation
B. Divergent radiation
C. Convergent evolution
D. Discontinuous variation
2. What is the biological definition of the term evolution?
A. The changes shown by fossils over millions of years
B. The transmission of favorable variations to offspring
C. The cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population
D. The promotion of variation in a species by sexual reproduction
3.
State the relationship between brain mass and maximum life span [1]
The larger the brain mass, the higher the maximum life span of the species is.
Identify the group with the widest range of brain mass. [1]
The group with the widest range of brain mass are the other placental mammals.
Compare the brain mass and lifespan of primates and marsupials. [3]
Primates on average have a larger life span and brain mass than marsupials, as there are more primates with brain masses in 10^0-10^3 compared to the marsupials, with most of them being in 10^0-10^2.
Discuss how a larger brain size and longer life span might have contributed to the evolution of these species. [2]
Having a larger brain means that the animal has a higher cognitive performance, which in turn means they have a higher chance of survival, extending their life spans. With them having longer life spans, they have more time to adapt and pass on their traits to their offspring.
4. Which of the following represent homologous features?
A. Wings in birds and insects
B. The appendix in humans and horses
C. Fins in fish and wings in birds
D. The striped coat of the zebra and the tiger
5. What characteristics describe homologous structures?
A. They have the same ancestral origin, but may have different functions.
B. They have the same ancestral origin and always have the same function.
C. They have different ancestral origins and may have different functions.
D. They have different ancestral origins, but always have the same function.
6. Which of the following are used as evidence for evolution?
I. Homologous structures
II. Selective breeding of domesticated animals
III. Overproduction of offspring
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
7.
What is the evolutionary relationship between X and Y?
A. They are analogous.
B. X is analogous and Y is homologous.
C. They are homologous.
D. They are neither homologous nor analogous.
8. Using the mammalian pentadactyl limb as an example, outline the process of adaptive radiation. [2]
Adaptive radiation is when a group of organisms diversifies due to geographic boundaries separating them, causing them to adapt and evolve to their environment. An example of this would be whales and dolphins as they all share a common four legged land ancestors with the pentadactyl limb but over time due to the change in environments of the species they have adapted and evolved through generations to better their chances of survival depending on their environments.
5.2
1. What is the major contributor to the increase in antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
A. Sexual reproduction
B. Mutation
C. Natural selection
D. New antibiotics
2. Which process promotes variation in a population?
A. Mutation
B. Mitosis
C. Aging in a population
D. Asexual reproduction
3. Darwin described evolution as “descent with modification”. What would make evolution less probable?
A. Stable environment
B. Migration
C. Variation in offspring
D. Random mutation
4. What causes heritable variation in a species?
I. Muscle development through exercise
II. Increased rainfall in the ecosystem
III. Changes in the genome of the species
A. I and III only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I, II and III
5. The long-term exposure of bacteria to antibiotics has led to the spread of resistant strains (for example, of Clostridium difficile). What is this an example of?
A. Convergent evolution
B. Immunity
C. Natural selection
D. Dominance
6. Antibiotics are sometimes given orally to poultry to prevent disease that may lead to reduced growth. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria from turkeys and chickens bred for meat and from egg laying hens was measured.
Excrement was collected and Escherichia coli bacteria were isolated. These bacteria were tested for resistance to a range of antibiotics and the results are shown below.
a. Calculate the percentage risk of bacteria becoming resistant to more than five kinds of antibiotics in turkeys and egg laying hens. [1]b. Compare the incidence of drug resistance in bacteria from chickens and egg laying hens.
c. Discuss the hypothesis that giving antibiotics increases antibiotic resistance in poultry bacteria.
d. Suggest how antibiotic-resistant bacteria are passed from animals to humans.
7. Charles Darwin used domesticated animals to provide evidence for evolution by natural selection. What is this evidence?
A. Differences between breeds show that selection can cause species to change.
B. The ancestors of domesticated animals can be found in the fossil record.
C. Some domesticated animals die because the environment cannot support them all.
D. Variation in domesticated animals is due to sexual reproduction.
8. Which process tends to reduce variety within a population?
A. Natural selection
B. Random fertilization
C. Independent assortment
D. Crossing over
5.2 answers
1. What is the major contributor to the increase in antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
A. Sexual reproduction
B. Mutation
C. Natural selection
D. New antibiotics
2. Which process promotes variation in a population?
A. Mutation
B. Mitosis
C. Aging in a population
D. Asexual reproduction
3. Darwin described evolution as “descent with modification”. What would make evolution less probable?
A. Stable environment
B. Migration
C. Variation in offspring
D. Random mutation
4. What causes heritable variation in a species?
I. Muscle development through exercise
II. Increased rainfall in the ecosystem
III. Changes in the genome of the species
A. I and III only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I, II and III
5. The long-term exposure of bacteria to antibiotics has led to the spread of resistant strains (for example, of Clostridium difficile). What is this an example of?
A. Convergent evolution
B. Immunity
C. Natural selection
D. Dominance
6. Antibiotics are sometimes given orally to poultry to prevent disease that may lead to reduced growth. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria from turkeys and chickens bred for meat and from egg laying hens was measured.
Excrement was collected and Escherichia coli bacteria were isolated. These bacteria were tested for resistance to a range of antibiotics and the results are shown below.
a. Calculate the percentage risk of bacteria becoming resistant to more than five kinds of antibiotics in turkeys and egg laying hens. [1]Turkeys: 33%
Egg laying hens: 0%
b. Compare the incidence of drug resistance in bacteria from chickens and egg laying hens.
Compared to the chicken's 22% resistance to the E. coli, the hens have a resistance of 0% to 5 or more antibiotics.
c. Discuss the hypothesis that giving antibiotics increases antibiotic resistance in poultry bacteria.
The hypothesis that giving antibiotics increases antibiotics resistance in poultry bacteria is true for the turkey and the chicken, but not true for the egg laying hens. This is because we can see in the evidence gathered that for the turkey they have a 33% resistance while the chicken have a 22% resistance. However, the egg laying hens have a 0% resistance.
d. Suggest how antibiotic-resistant bacteria are passed from animals to humans.
Antibiotic resistance can be passed from animals to human by many different ways, like through skin contact. If you had a cut on your hand and where feeding or touching animal bacteria from the animal like saliva can come into contact with your cut passing the bacteria to you. Another way could be through indigestion of the animal like having turkey for dinner which would cause you to in digest the bacteria from the turkey.
7. Charles Darwin used domesticated animals to provide evidence for evolution by natural selection. What is this evidence?
A. Differences between breeds show that selection can cause species to change.
B. The ancestors of domesticated animals can be found in the fossil record.
C. Some domesticated animals die because the environment cannot support them all.
D. Variation in domesticated animals is due to sexual reproduction.
8. Which process tends to reduce variety within a population?
A. Natural selection
B. Random fertilization
C. Independent assortment
D. Crossing over
5.3
Fleas are a type of wingless insect which feed off the blood of their hosts using a tube which pierces the skin. They are classified in the order “Siphonaptera'' (Siphon – tube, a-ptera – wingless)
Flea species include:
Cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis)
Dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis)
Mouse flea (Leptosylla segnis)
Rabbit flea (Cediopsylla simplex)
Species of flea are often identified by the presence or absence of combs made of spines found in two places on the head.
Scientific classification of the Dog Flea: Ctenocephalides canis Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Siphonaptera Family: Pulicidae Genus: Ctenocephalides Species: C. canis | Scientific classification of the Cat flea Ctenocephalides felis Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Siphonaptera Family: Pulicidae Genus: Ctenocephalides Species:. C felis |
1. Which statement most accurately describes the fleas Ctenocephalides felis and Ctenocephalides canis
A. Both belong to the same species.
B. Each belongs to a different group.
C. Both belong to the same family.
D. Each belongs to a different genus.
2. What is thought to be true about the members of a Genus?
A. They belong to a closed gene pool.
B. Members could breed freely with one another.
C. They share a common ancestral species.
D. They are only found in a particular geographic area.
3. In the hierarchy of taxa, what is in a family?
A. A group of classes
B. A group of genera
C. A group of orders
D. A group of phyla
4. The following is a dichotomous key for four species of fleas.
Comb under the head of 5 or more spines 2
Comb under the head of 4 spines (eye absent) Mouse flea
Comb under the head is horizontal 3
Comb under the head almost vertical Rabbit flea
Spine 1 of comb under head shorter than spine 2 Dog flea
Spine 1 & 2 of comb under head are same length Cat flea
(a) Using the key above, identify the four fleas whose heads are shown in the diagrams below
A : Mouse flea
B : rabbit flea
C : dog flea
D : cat flea
5. Which of the following phyla could an animal belong to if, like fleas, it has bilateral symmetry, a mouth and an anus?
I. Annelida
II. Cnidaria
III. Porifera
IV. Chordata
A. I & II
B. I & III
C. I & IV
D. II & III
5.3 answers
Fleas are a type of wingless insect which feed off the blood of their hosts using a tube which pierces the skin. They are classified in the order “Siphonaptera'' (Siphon – tube, a-ptera – wingless)
Flea species include:
Cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis)
Dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis)
Mouse flea (Leptosylla segnis)
Rabbit flea (Cediopsylla simplex)
Species of flea are often identified by the presence or absence of combs made of spines found in two places on the head.
Scientific classification of the Dog Flea: Ctenocephalides canis Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Siphonaptera Family: Pulicidae Genus: Ctenocephalides Species: C. canis | Scientific classification of the Cat flea Ctenocephalides felis Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Siphonaptera Family: Pulicidae Genus: Ctenocephalides Species:. C felis |
1. Which statement most accurately describes the fleas Ctenocephalides felis and Ctenocephalides canis
A. Both belong to the same species.
B. Each belongs to a different group.
C. Both belong to the same family.
D. Each belongs to a different genus.
2. What is thought to be true about the members of a Genus?
A. They belong to a closed gene pool.
B. Members could breed freely with one another.
C. They share a common ancestral species.
D. They are only found in a particular geographic area.
3. In the hierarchy of taxa, what is in a family?
A. A group of classes
B. A group of genera
C. A group of orders
D. A group of phyla
4. The following is a dichotomous key for four species of fleas.
Comb under the head of 5 or more spines 2
Comb under the head of 4 spines (eye absent) Mouse flea
Comb under the head is horizontal 3
Comb under the head almost vertical Rabbit flea
Spine 1 of comb under head shorter than spine 2 Dog flea
Spine 1 & 2 of comb under head are same length Cat flea
(a) Using the key above, identify the four fleas whose heads are shown in the diagrams below
A : Mouse flea
B : rabbit flea
C : dog flea
D : cat flea
5. Which of the following phyla could an animal belong to if, like fleas, it has bilateral symmetry, a mouth and an anus?
I. Annelida
II. Cnidaria
III. Porifera
IV. Chordata
A. I & II
B. I & III
C. I & IV
D. II & III
5.3 & 5.4
1. In which domain are bryophyta found?
A. Plantae
B. Archaea
C. Eubacteria
D. Eukaryote
2. The scientific name of the Wakatobi flowerpecker is Dicaeum kuehni.
Which species is most closely related?
A. Amerila kuehni
B. Wakatobi white-eye
C. Kuehneon duchyense
D. Dicaeum celebicum
3. Living organisms have been placed in three domains: archaea, eubacteria and eukaryote. Distinguish archaea from eubacteria.
Archaea
Eubacteria
Ancient bacteria evolved first
True bacteria evolved after
Thermophiles
Bacteria
Halophiles
cyanobacteria
4. List two types of evidence used to determine which species belong in the same clade.
Sequences of DNA bases
Amino acids
5. Which is a coniferophyte? [1 mark]
A. Adansonia digitata, an African baobab tree with white flowers
B. Cyathea australis, an Australian tree fern producing spores
C. Hypnum plumaeforme, a green plant with no vascular tissue grown in Japanese gardens
D. Pinus strobus, a North American tree with ovules on scales not enclosed in an ovary
6. Based on binomial nomenclature, which two species are most closely related? [1 Mark]
I. Common barberry (Berberis vulgaris)
II. Canadian bunchberry (Cornus canadensis)
III. Smooth blackberry (Rubus canadensis)
IV. Canadian barberry (Berberis canadensis)
A. I and IV
B. II and III
C. II and IV
D. III and IV
7. Which phylum does the plant below belong to?
A. Angiospermophyta
B. Bryophyta
C. Coniferophyta
D. Filicinophyta
8. The image shows part of a cladogram.
A. Using the cladogram, identify one diagnostic feature that characterizes the given groups of vertebrates at A, B and C. [3 Marks]
A: gills
B: warm-blooded
C: Mammary glands
B. State the name of the domain to which these organisms belong. [1 Mark]
The Animalia Kingdom
9. Penguins (which are birds) and seals (which are mammals) have forelimbs adapted for swimming. Whales (mammals) and sharks (fish) also have fins for swimming. What term best describes the relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of penguins and seals, and what term best describes the fins of whales and sharks?
homologous; homologous
analogous; homologous
homologous; analogous
analogous; analogous
5.3 & 5.4 answers
1. In which domain are bryophyta found?
A. Plantae
B. Archaea
C. Eubacteria
D. Eukaryote
2. The scientific name of the Wakatobi flowerpecker is Dicaeum kuehni.
Which species is most closely related?
A. Amerila kuehni
B. Wakatobi white-eye
C. Kuehneon duchyense
D. Dicaeum celebicum
3. Living organisms have been placed in three domains: archaea, eubacteria and eukaryote. Distinguish archaea from eubacteria.
Archaea
Eubacteria
Ancient bacteria evolved first
True bacteria evolved after
Thermophiles
Bacteria
Halophiles
cyanobacteria
4. List two types of evidence used to determine which species belong in the same clade.
Sequences of DNA bases
Amino acids
5. Which is a coniferophyte? [1 mark]
A. Adansonia digitata, an African baobab tree with white flowers
B. Cyathea australis, an Australian tree fern producing spores
C. Hypnum plumaeforme, a green plant with no vascular tissue grown in Japanese gardens
D. Pinus strobus, a North American tree with ovules on scales not enclosed in an ovary
6. Based on binomial nomenclature, which two species are most closely related? [1 Mark]
I. Common barberry (Berberis vulgaris)
II. Canadian bunchberry (Cornus canadensis)
III. Smooth blackberry (Rubus canadensis)
IV. Canadian barberry (Berberis canadensis)
A. I and IV
B. II and III
C. II and IV
D. III and IV
7. Which phylum does the plant below belong to?
A. Angiospermophyta
B. Bryophyta
C. Coniferophyta
D. Filicinophyta
8. The image shows part of a cladogram.
A. Using the cladogram, identify one diagnostic feature that characterizes the given groups of vertebrates at A, B and C. [3 Marks]
A: gills
B: warm-blooded
C: Mammary glands
B. State the name of the domain to which these organisms belong. [1 Mark]
The Animalia Kingdom
9. Penguins (which are birds) and seals (which are mammals) have forelimbs adapted for swimming. Whales (mammals) and sharks (fish) also have fins for swimming. What term best describes the relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of penguins and seals, and what term best describes the fins of whales and sharks?
homologous; homologous
analogous; homologous
homologous; analogous
analogous; analogous