Flash cards

WHY DO WE NEED TO KNOW THIS

• need to understand the human body functions as an integrated whole (body system are interdependent on each other)

• You must be able to recognize skin changes from earlier visits (may need to change the treatment plan or refer client to a medical provider for evaluation)

• Must understand the effect that services will have on tissues, organs, and body systems

• Recommendations for treatment plans and protocols for a client are based on the decisions made during a skin analysis and consultation and review of the client intake form

• Understanding the complexity of the human body and how body systems are interrelated will help you take th information into consideration when advising a treatments plan, recommending products, or performing a service

ANATOMY

• The study of human structure that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts

PHYSIOLOGY

• study of the functions or activities performed by the body’s structures

HISTOLOGY

• microscopic anatomy

• The study of the structure and composition of tissue

CELLS

• basic unit of all living things

• Minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life

• Cell is responsible for carrying on all life processes

• Trillions of cells in the human body (vary in shapes, sizes, and purposes)

PROTOPLASM

• colorless, jellylike substance in cells

• Contains food elements such as protein, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water (necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self repair)

• Watery gel-like fluid

• Similar to the clear gel of a raw egg

NUCLEUS

• the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell

• Plays an important role on reproduction and metabolism

• Central part, core

• In histology : the dense, active protoplasm found in the center if a eukaryotic cell that acts as the genetic control center

• Yolk of an egg

NUCLEOPLASM

• fluid within the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins and DNA

• Determines our genetic makeup

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

• the blueprint material of genetic information

• Contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell

• Determines our genetic makeup (including the color of our eyes, skin, and hair)

MITOCHONDRIA

• cell structure that take sin nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell, called ATP

• Works to keep the cell full of energy

• Small organelles floating freely throughout the cell

• Some cells have thousands of mitochondria (like muscle cells) and some have none (red blood cells)

ATP

• adenosine triphosphate

• Chemical energy used within the cells for metabolism

• Transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism

NEURONS

• also known as nerve cells

• Cells that make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord and transmit nerve impulses

CELL MEMBRANE

• part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell

• Selectively permeable, controlling the introduction of beneficial substances into the cell and the removal of waste and other substances that do not benefit the life of the cell

• Protects the cell from its surroundings

• Communicates with other cells, linking like cells together to form tissues

SOLUBLE

• capable of being dissolved or liquefied

MITOSIS

• cells dividing into 2 new identical cells (daughter cells)

• Usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues

• As long as conditions are favorable the cell will grow and reproduce

• Favorable conditions : adequate supply of nutrients, oxygen, and water ; suitable temperatures ; ability to eliminate waste products

• Unfavorable conditions : toxins (poisons), disease, and injury, where the cell will become impaired or may be destroyed

CELL METABOLISM

• Chemical process that takes place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities

• Coverts nutrients to energy so the cell can function

• Also eliminates waste

• These functions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, respond to their environments, and maintain their structures

• Aging influences cells metabolism and the cell begins to function less efficiently (cell metabolism is something you need to consider ; client’s response to treatment and response yo the active ingredients will be influenced by the efficiency and speed of their metabolism)

WATER FACTS

• men’s bodies contain more water than women’s do

• Water content differs throughout various tissues in the body

• Blood is made up of 83% water and muscle is 75% water

• Human brain is 73% water

• Even bones are about 31% water

TISSUE

• a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function

• 4 types of tissue (connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue)

1 CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons

• Collagen and elastin are a part of connective tissue

• EX : bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia (separates muscle), blood, and fat (also called adipose tissue)

ADIPOSE TISSUE

• specialized connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body

• Stores energy and gives smoothness and contour to the body

2 EPITHELIAL TISSUE

• protective lining on cavities of the body and surfaces of organs

• EX : skin, mucous membranes, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands

3 MUSCLE TISSUE

• tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body

4 NERVE TISSUE

• tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions

• Carries messages through the central nervous system to control and coordinate all bodily functions

• Composed of special cells known as neurons, which make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord

ORGANS

• structures composed of specialized tissue designed to perform specific functions in plants and animals

• Collection of tissues that have an identifiable structure and that perform specific functions

• EX : the heart has muscle tissue that pumps blood, fibrous tissue that comprise the heart valves, and special tissue that maintains the rhythm of the heart beating

BODY SYSTEM

• also known as system

• Groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions

• Human body has 11 major systems

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• FUNCTION : largest organ of the body, first line of defense against infection and water loss ; regulates temperature, perceives sensation, produces vitamin D, has absorption capabilities

• ORGANS : skin and accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails

• WHY KNOW THIS : as skin is the largest organ in the body, learning its functions and the work of the accessory organs is a critical component in a skin care therapists success

• Integument means “a natural covering”

• Skin is a protective overcoat for your body against outside elements (such as germs, chemicals, and sun exposure)

• Accessory organs : hair, nails, sensory receptors, and sweat and oil glands (exocrine glands)

• EXOCRINE GLANDS : also known as duct glands ; produce a substance that travels through small, tubelike ducts, sweat and oil glands of the skin belong to the group

SKELETAL

• FUNCTION : forms the physical foundation of the body ; consists of the bones and moveable and immovable joints

• ORGANS : bones

• WHY KNOW THIS : important for protecting your own body mechanics when working, as well as knowing physical landmarks when providing treatments, including makeup applications

• Adult Skelton has 206 bones

• form a rigid framework to which softer tissues and organs of the body are encased

• acts as anchor points for muscles and ligaments to provide support for movements

• Bone is connected to bone by ligaments

• Bone is connected to muscle by tendons

• Bone tissue is composed of several types of bone cells embedded in a web of inorganic salts (mostly calcium and phosphorus) and collagenous fibers ; the we gives bones strength and the fiebres give the bone flexibility

• JOINT : connection between 2 or more bones of the skeleton ; moveable (elbows, knees, hips) and immovable (pelvis and skull)

MUSCULAR

• FUNCTION : covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue ; also contracts and moves various parts of the body ; consists of muscles

• ORGANS : muscles

• WHY KNOW THIS : important when doing massage and performing electrical treatments such as micro current ; also important to understand muscle movement to prevent repetitive motion fatigue when you are performing treatments

NERVOUS

• FUNCTION : carries messages through the central nervous system, controlling and coordinating all bodily functions

• ORGANS : brain, spinal cord, nerves

• WHY KNOW THIS : need to know the location of the facial nerves and their actions when performing treatments ; nerves control the muscle movements of the face

CIRCULATORY

• FUNCTION : controls the steady delivery of the blood through the body ; works with the lymphatic channels

• ORGANS : heart with blood vessels

• WHY KNOW THIS : health of the circulatory system affects skin tissue health ; circulatory issue are often contraindications and precautions to treatments ; when performing body wraps for example, understanding which direction to wrap is essential for a good outcome, or an adverse event could occur

IMMUNE / LYMPHATIC

• FUNCTION : protects the body from disease by developing resistances and destroying disease causing toxins, foreign material, and bacteria

• ORGANS : spleen, lymph

• WHY KNOW THIS :many treatments require action from the lymphatic system, including performing lymphatic massage

ENDOCRINE

• FUNCTION : affects growth, development, sexual activities, and normal regulatory processes of the body ; consists of specialized glands

• ORGANS : adrenal glands, pituitary gland, pancreas

• WHY KNOW THIS : hormones excreted by the endocrine system have a significant effect on the skin, and an understanding of that functioning will help when recognizing the need to refer a client for a medical evaluation ; acne breakouts, hair growth, and skin oiliness or dryness are a few

REPRODUCTIVE

• FUNCTION : performs the function of producing children and passing on our genetics from one generation to another ; differentiates between sexes

• ORGANS : uterus, ovaries, penis, and testes

• WHY KNOW THIS : reproductive estate and hormonal influences accompanying puberty, pregnancy, perimenopause, and menopause make significant demands on the skin that require knowledge on order to provide a skin-care treatment

RESPIRATORY

• FUNCTION : enables breathing, supplies the body with oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product

• ORGANS : lungs, trachea, bronchi

• WHY KNOW THIS : adequate oxygenation of the tissue allows optimum cell functioning ; possibility of the respiratory spread of infection affects safety and cleanliness

DIGESTIVE

• FUNCTION : breaks down food into smaller and smaller particles to absorb nutrients or for excretion

• ORGANS : esophagus, stomach, gall bladder, liver, small and large intestines

• WHY KNOW THIS : good nutrition allows optimum functioning of all body system

EXCRETORY

• FUNCTION : refers to elimination of waste matter

• ORGANS : kidneys, bladder

• WHY KNOW THIS. : functions to eliminate toxic substances that can affect other body system function

SKELTAL

• Adult Skelton has 206 bones

• form a rigid framework to which softer tissues and organs of the body are encased

• acts as anchor points for muscles and ligaments to provide support for movements

• LIGAMENTS : connects bone to bone

• TENDONS : connects bone to muscle

• Bone tissue is composed of several types of bone cells embedded in a web of inorganic salts (mostly calcium and phosphorus) and collagenous fibers ; the we gives bones strength and the fiebres give the bone flexibility

• JOINT : connection between 2 or more bones of the skeleton ; moveable (elbows, knees, hips) and immovable (pelvis and skull)

• FUNCTIONS : give shape and support to the body ; protect various internal organs and structures ; serve as attachments for muscles and act as lever to produce body movements ; help produce both white and red blood cells (one function of bone marrow) ; store most of the body’s calcium supply as well as phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium

BONES OF THE SKULL

• human head contains 22 bones divided into 2 groups (cranium and facial bones)

• CRANIUM : oval, bony case that protects the brain ; formed by 8 bones

• FACIAL : bones of the face, including the jaw ; formed by 14 bone

CRANIUM BONES

• OCCIPITAL BONE : hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones ; forms the back of the skull above the nape (back of the neck)

• PARIETAL BONE (2) : bones that form the sides and top (crown) of the cranium

• FRONTAL BONE : bone forming the forehead

• TEMPORAL BONE (2) : bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region

• ETHMOID BONE : light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities

• SPHENOID BONE : forms the sides of the eye socket

• The ethmoid and sphenoid bones are not affected when performing services or giving massage

FACIAL BONES

• NASAL BONES (2) : bones that form the ridge of the nose

• LACRIMAL BONES (2) : the smallest and most fragile bones of the face, are situated at the front inside part of the eye socket

• ZYGOMATIC BONES (2) : bones that form the prominence of the cheeks ; malar bones or cheekbones

• MAXILLAE BONES (2) : for the upper jaw

• MANDIBLE : lower jawbone ; largest and strongest bone of the face

BONES OF THE NECK

• HYOID BONE : u-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its

• CERVICAL VERTEBRAE : the 7 bones at the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region

BONES OF THE CHEST

• THORAX : an elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs ; chest or pulmonary trunk consisting of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebre

• RIBS : 12 pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax

• SCAPULA : the large, flat, triangular bones of the shoulder ; shoulder blades

• STERNUM : the flat bone hat forms the ventral support of the ribs ; breastbone

• CLAVICLE : bone joining the sternum and scapula ; collarbone

BONES OF THE ARMS AND HANDS

• HUMERUS : uppermost and largest bone in the arm ; extends from the elbow to the shoulder

• ULNA : inner and larger bone of the forearm ; attached to the wrist on the side of the little finger

• RADIUS : smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb

• CARPUS :a flexible joint composed of 8 small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligament ; wrist

• METACARPUS : consists of 5 long, slender bones called metacarpal bone ; palm

• PHALANGES : the bones in the fingers, 3 in each finger and 2 in each thumb (totaling 14 bones in each hand) ; also known as digits

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• body system that covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton tissue

• Contracts and moves various part os the body

• Fibrous tissues with the ability to stretch and contract according to the demands of the body’s movements

• Human body has over 630 muscles (responsible for about 40% of body weight)

• 30 facial muscles

• 3 types of muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)

• SMOOTH MUSCLE : involuntary muscle (not under conscious control)

• CARDIAC : specific to heart function (not under conscious control)

SKELETAL MUSCLE

• voluntary muscle

• Contract with conscious thought (nerve impulses trigger a reaction)

• Muscles attached to bones

• 3 parts (origin, belly, insertion)

1. ORGIN : part of the muscle that does not move ; attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle

2. BELLY : middle part of the muscle

3. INSERTION : point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a bone or other more moveable body part ; movable attachment, farthest from the skeleton

MUSCLE TISSUE POSITIVE INFLUENCE DURING ESTHETICS

• pressure in massage is usually directed from the insertion to the orgin

• Massage (hand or mechanical vibrations)

• Electrical therapy current

• Light rays (infrared light, LED)

• Dry heat (heating lamps or heating caps)

• Moist heat (steamers or moderately warm steam towels)

MUSCLES OF THE SCALP

• 4 muscles of the scalp (frontalis, ocipitalis, and 2 temporalis)

• EPICRANIUS : the broad muscle that coves the top of the skull and consists of the frontalis and occipitalis ; also known as the occipitofrontalis

• FRONTALIS : front (anterior) portion of the epicranius ; raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, causes forehead wrinkles ; most concern for an esthetician

• OCCIPITALIS : back of the epicranius ; muscle that draws the scalp backward

MUSCLES OF THE EYEBROW

• CORRUGATOR : muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi ; draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically

• ORBICULARIS OCULI : ring muscle of the eye socket ; closes the eyelid

• LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS MUSCLE : thin muscle that controls the eyelid and can be easily damaged during makeup application

MUSCLES OF THE NOSE

• PROCERUS : muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, depresses the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose

• NASALIS : 2 part muscle which covers the nose (includes the transverse and alar part which flair the nostrils)

MUSCLES OF THE MOUTH

• BUCCINATOR : thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips

• TRIANGULARIS : the muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corners of the mouth ; also known as depressor anguli

• MENTALIS : muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin

• ORBICULARIS ORIS : flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips

• LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS : muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward

• RISORIUS : muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth out and back (smiling)

• LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS : muscle that elevates the lip and dilates the nostrils (expressing distaste) ; also known as quadratus labii superioris

• ZYGOMATICUS : consists of major and minor muscles extending from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth that elevates the lip (laughing)

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION (CHEWING)

• MASSESTER : one of the muscles that coordinate with the temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward ; sometimes referred to as chewing muscles

• TEMPORALIS

MUSCLES OF THE EAR

• AURICULARIS MUSCLES : 3 muscles that work together to move the war upward, forward, or backward (auricularis superior, auricularis anterior, and auricularis posterior)

MUSCLES OF THE NECK

• PLATYSMA : broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin ; responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip

• STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID (SCM) : muscle of the neck that depresses and rotates the head side to side and up to down ; extends alongside of the neck from ear to collarbone

MUSCLES ATTACHING THE ARM TO BODY

• LATISSIMUS DORSIL : large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back

• PECTORALS MAJOR AND MINOR : muscles in the heat that assist in the swinging movements of the arm

MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER AND ARM

• TRAPEZIUS : muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back ; stabilizes the scapula and shrugs the shoulders

• BICEPS : muscle that produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm ; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow

• DELTOID : large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body

• TRICEPS : large muscle covering the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm

MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM

• made up of a series of muscles and strong tendons

MUSCLES OF THE HAND

• one of the most complex parts of the body

• Many small muscles that overlap from joint to joint, providing flexibility and strength to open and close hands and fingers

• Massages can help relax and maintain pliability of these muscles

ABDUCTION

• Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe away from the midline of the body or of an extremity

• EX : abduction separates the fingers in the hand

ADDUCTION

• muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toes inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity

• EX : adduction draws the fingers together in the hand

FLEXION

• When muscles move to pull the bod part toward the core of the body

• EX : bending forward at the hips

EXTENSION

• when muscles straighten

• When the wrist, hand, and fingers form a straight line

PRONATE

• when muscles turn inward

• EX : when the palm faces downward

SUPINATE

• when muscles rotate

• EX : in the forearm, the radius turns outward and the palm upward

NERVOUS SYSTEM

• body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

• Controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently

• Every square inch of the body is supplied with nerves

• Over 100 billion nerve cells (neurons) in the body

• 3 main subdivisions (central, peripheral, autonomic)

NEUROLOGY

• the scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• CNS

• Cerebrospinal nervous system

• Consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves

• Controls consciousness and many mental activities, involuntary functions of the 5 senses, and voluntary muscle actions (including all body movements and facial expressions)

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• PNS

• System of nerves that connects the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system

• Has both sensory and motor nerves

• Function is to carry impulses (messages) to and from the CNS

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

• ANS

• Part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles

• Regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, breathing, and heart

BRAIN

• part of the CNS contained in the cranium

• Largest and most complex nerve tissue

• Controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity, and the power to think and feel

• Sends and receives messages through 12 pairs of cranial nerves that reach various part of the head, face, and neck

BRAIN STEM

• structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain

• Involved in regulating such vital functions (breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure)

SPINAL CORD

• portion of the CNS that originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk and is protected by the spinal column

• 31 pairs of spinal nerves extending from the spinal cord are distributed to the muscle and skin of the trunk and limbs

NERVES

• whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted

• Originate in the brain and spinal cord and their branches extend to all parts of the body

• 2 types of nerves (sensory and motor)

SENSORY NERVES

• carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations such as touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced

• Afferent nerves

• RECEPTORS : sensory nerve ending located close to the surface of the skin

• Impulses pass from the sensory nerves to the brain and back through the motor nerves to create a complete circuit (resulting in movement of the muscles)

MOTOR NERVES

• carry impulses from the brain to the muscle or glands

• Transmitted impulses produce movement

• Efferent nerves

RELEX

• automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord and a responsive impulse back along a motor neuron to a muscle (causing a reaction)

• EX : quick removal of your hand from a hot surface

CRANIAL NERVES

• 12 pairs of cranial nerves

• Activate the muscles and sensory structure of the head and neck, including skin, membranes, eyes, and ears

• Estheticians are mainly concerned with nerves V, VII, and XI (each one has several branches)

FIFTH CRANIAL NERVE (NERVE V)

• also known as trifacial or trigeminal nerve

• Largest of the cranial nerves

• Chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing

• 3 branches (ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary)

• OPHTHALMIC NERVE : supplies the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage

• MANDIBULAR NERVE : supplies the muscles and skin of the lower part of the face ; affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip

• MAXILLARY NERVE : affects the upper part of the face

• AURICULOTEMPORAL NERVE : nerve that affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull

• INFRAORBITAL NERVE : affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth

• INFRATROCHLEAR NERVE : nerve that affects the membrane and skin of the nose

• MENTAL NERVE : nerve that affects the skin of the lower lip and chin

• NASAL NERVE : nerve that affects the point and lower sides of the nose

• SUPRAORBITAL NERVE : nerve that affects the skin of the forehead, scalp, eyebrow, and upper eyelid

• SUPRATROCHLEAR NERVE : nerve that affects the skin between the eyes and upper side of the nose

• ZYGOMATIC NERVE : nerve that affects the skin of the temple, side of the forehead, and upper part of the cheek

SEVENTH CRANIAL NERVE (NERVE VII)

• also known as the facial nerve

• Chief motor nerve of the face

• Emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck

• Its divisions and their branches supply and control all the muscles of facial expression and the secretions of saliva

• BUCCAL NERVE : nerve that defects the muscles of the mouth

• CERVICAL NERVE : nerves that originate at the spinal cord, whose branches supply the muscles and scalp at the back of the head and neck ; affect the side of the neck nd the platysma muscle

• MANDIBULAR NERVE : affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip

• POSTERIOR AURIULAR NERVE : nerve that affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull

• TEMPORAL NERVE : nerve affecting the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of the cheek

• ZYGOMATIC NERVE : (upper and lower) affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek

ELEVENTH CRANIAL NERVE (NERVE XI)

• Also known as accessory nerve

• A motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles

• Important to estheticians because it is affected during facials (primarily with massage)

• Cervical nerves originate at the spinal cord and their branches supply the muscles and scalp at the back of the head and neck

• CERVICAL CUTANEOUS NERVE : nerve located at the side of the neck that affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone

• GREATER AURICULAR NERVE : nerve at the sides of the neck affecting the face, ears, neck, and parotid gland

• GREATER OCCIPITAL NERVE : nerve located in the back of the head, affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head

• SMALLER OCCIPITAL NERVE : located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear ; also called lesser occipital nerve

NERVES OF THE ARM AND HAND

• DIGITAL NERVE : sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies impulses to the fingers

• RADIAL NERVE : a sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand

• MEDIAN NERVE : nerve, smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and hand

• ULNAR NERVE : sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, affects the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand

VAGUS NERVE

• located in the abdominal cavity

• Nerve of the ANS

• 10th cranial nerve

• Can impact and esthetician in a surprising way so knowledge is important

• When it overreacts to a trigger it can cause a sudden drop in blood presssure and result in fainting (most common cause of fainting)

• Some trigger are standing up too quickly, sight of blood, stress, pain, and even pressing on certain areas of the throat, sinus cavities, and eyes

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• cardiovascular system

• System that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels (veins and arteries)

• Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body

• Impaired circulatory function can create a shallowness in the skin (tissue is not being oxygenated) ; can also delay healing times

THE HEART

• muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system

• Body’s pump

• Heartbeat is regulated by the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve and other nerves in the ANS

• Normal resting state, the heart beats 72-80 times per minute

• blood is in constant and continuous circulation

PULMONARY CIRCULATION

• sends the blood from the heart to the lungs to be purified, then back to the heart again

• Carries the blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

• also known as general circulation

• Circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart

• Carries oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart again

BLOOD VESSELS

• tube-like structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body

• Includes arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, and veins

• An adult has over 60,000 miles of blood vessels in their body

ARTERIES

• thick-walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body

• Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the arterioles

AORTA

• largest artery in the body

• The arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body

ARTERIOLES

• small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

CAPILLARIES

• tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins

• Bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials

VENULES

• small vessels that connect the capillaries to the veins

• They collect blood from the capillaries and drain it into veins

VEINS

• thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries

• They contain cup-like valves to prevent back-flow and carry impure blood from the various capillaries back to the heart and lungs

• Carry blood containing waste products back to the heart and lungs for cleaning and to pick up oxygen

• Located closer to the outer skin surface of the body than arteries (draw blood from veins)

BLOOD

• nutritive fluid circulating through the cardiovascular system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them

• Considered connective tissue because it connects body systems together, bringing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones and removing waste products

• 8-10 pints of blood in the human body

• Sticky and salty

• Normally 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit

• Composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

• carries water, oxygen, nutrition, and minerals to all cells and tissues of the body

• Carries away carbon dioxide and waste products to be eliminated through the lungs, skin, and kidneys

• Helps to equalize the body’s temperature, thus protecting the body from extreme heat and cold

• Aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria and infections through the action of the white blood cells

• Closes injured tiny blood vessels by forming clots, thus preventing blood loss

RED BLOOD CELLS

• blood cells that carry oxygen from the cells back to the lungs

• Also known as red corpuscles or erythrocytes

• Produced in the red bone marrow

• Carry oxygen to the body cells

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

• perform the function of destroying disease causing microorganisms

PLATELETS

• contributes to the blood-clotting process (stops bleeding)

• Much smaller than red blood cells

PLASMA

• fluid part of the blood and lymph (90% water and contains proteins, sugars and minerals)

• Carries food and secretions to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells

• Delivery system, carrying vital components (nutrients, hormones, and minerals) to the cells and to take waste (carbon dioxide) away from the cells

COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES

• arteries of the head, face, and neck

• Arteries that supply blood to the face, neck, and head (main source of blood supply to the head)

• Located on either side of the neck

• Have an internal and external branch

• EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY : branches off supplying blood to the face

FACIAL ARTERY

• 4th branch of the external carotid artery

• Flexible and strong

• Can tolerate head movements, swallowing, and facial movements of the cheeks, lips and jaws

• Branches off into smaller arteries that specifically supply the cheeks, chin, ocular area, forehead, lips and even the teeth

INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

• vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck

• Run parallel to the carotid arteries

EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

• Vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck

• Run parallel to the carotid arteries

FACIAL VEIN

• branches return the blood to the external jugular, similarly from the same facial locations as the arteries

LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM

• Vital factor to the circulatory and immune systems and is made up of the liver, lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the circulatory system. The lymphatic and immune systems are closely connected in that they protect the body from disease by developing resistance to pathogens and destroying disease-causing microorganisms.

• The lymphatic system is closely connected to the circulatory system for the transportation of fluids. The difference is that the lymphatic system transports lymph fluid, and the circulatory system carries blood.

• Manual lymphatic drainage, a specialized form of massage that assists in moving collections of lymphatic fluid, can be a very healing part of an estheticians work.

LIVER

• Gland located in the abdominal cavity. It secretes enzymes necessary for digestion, synthesizes proteins, and detoxifies the blood. Regulates sugar levels in the blood, helps with the decomposition of red blood cells, and produces hormones needed for body functions.

SPLEEN

• Large lymph node that fights infection and detoxifies the blood

LYMPH

• Liquid composed of changing components in the interstitial fluid as the fluid is circulating throughout the body, dispersing white blood cells and cell nutrients, such as sugars, fats, and salts, as well as absorbing toxins and waste.

FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• Act as a defense against disease and invading bacteria and toxins by developing resistance

• Drain tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluid in the blood. Interstitial fluid is a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells and provides the cells with nutrients and a method of removing cell waste. The fluid contains components that are involved in blood clotting and wound healing.

• Carry the excess fluid, waste, and impurities away from the cells

• Aid in reducing swelling, inflammation, and accumulations in the blood vessels.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• Endocrine system is a group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities, and state of health in the entire body

• Glands are specialized organs that produce chemicals, including hormones, necessary for various body systems to function optimally.

• Endocrine glands also known as ductless glands, release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream, which in turn influences the welfare of the entire body.

• Hormones such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen stimulate functional activity or secretion in other parts of the body.

• Pineal gland: plays a major role in sexual development, sleep, and metabolism

• Pituitary gland: the most complex organ of the endocrine system. It affects almost every physiologic process of the body: growth, blood pressure, contractions during childbirth, breast-milk production, sexual organ functions in both women and men, thyroid gland function, and the conversion of food into energy (metabolism).

• Thyroid gland: gland located in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development, and maintenance of bone mass. It needs iodine from the diet to function properly.

• Parathyroid gland: regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly

• Pancreas: secretes enzyme-producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The islet of Langerhans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon production

• Adrenal gland: located at the top of the kidneys assisting in the regulation of metabolism, stress response and blood pressure, and support of immune system health through the generation of specific hormones. Adrenal gland function affects skin melanization

• Ovaries & Testes: function in sexual reproduction as well as determining male and female sexual characteristics

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and the testes, prostate gland, penis, and the urethra in the male. It performs the function of producing children and passing on our genetics from one generation to another.

• Produces the hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. Estrogen is dominant in females, and testosterone is dominant in males. Hormone balance, or lack thereof, affect the skin in several ways. Acne, loss of collagen and elastin, loss of scalp hair, facial hair growth and color, and changes in skin pigmentation such a melisma are some of the results of changing, or fluctuating, hormones.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Respiratory system

• Respiration

• Lungs

• Diaphragm

• Inhalation

• Exhalation

DIGESTION

• Digestive system

• Gastrointestinal system

• Digestive enzyme

• Five functions ingestion: taking food into the body.

• peristalsis: moving food along the digestive tract

• digestion: breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means with use of enzymes

• absorption: digested food into the circulatory systems for transportation to the tissues and cells

• defecation: elimination of solid waste from the body

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

• Excretory system is responsible for purifying the body by eliminating waste matter. The metabolism of body cells creates various toxic substances that, if retained, could poison the body

• Functions

• Kidneys: excrete urine; eliminating water and waste products

• Liver: discharges bile, which breaks down digestive fat

• Skin: eliminates salts and minerals through perspiration

• Large intestine: eliminates decomposed and undigested food

• Lungs: exhale carbon dioxide

KAHOOT

• Identical daughter cells =2

• You use this muscle to smile zygomaticus

• What bone forms th back of skull occipital

• This muscle used to grin risorius

• Why is it important as an esthetician to know about the muscles of the forearm? To maintain good body mechanics during treatments

• The importance of lymph: to disperse white blood cells and cell nutrients

• Three muscles of ears: auricularis muscles

• Which movement separates fingers? Abduction

• What nutritive fluids flows through the circulatory system? Blood

• Why does the parathyroid gland regulate blood calcium and phosphorus? So the nervous and muscular systems can function properly

• Sternum?

• Buccinator? Whistle

• Spinal chord originates in the brain

• What binds the tissues of the body together? Connective tissue

• Connective epitheal?

• Latissimus dorsi

• Massage help the muscles of the hands? Pliability

• Platelet

• How much blood does the human body contain? 8 to 10 pints of blood

• Joints connect two or more bones

• Which part of the muscle flexes but remains stationary? Origin

• Chewing muscles? Masseter

• Histology

• Rotate muscle? Supinate

• Muscle pulls down the corners of the mouth? Triangularis

• Bending forward: flexion

• Which muscles cause wrinkles in the forehead? Frontalis

• Origin of muscle: closest to skeleton

• Which muscle d

• When you turn your head, you are using the sternocleidomastoid

• Pucker your lips?