English 1 Final
Nouns
nouns: names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.
common noun | boy, town, day | The boy played. |
proper noun | Sam,Monday, Rocky Mountain | Sam went to school. |
concrete noun | chair, sock, album | Did you give me the backbag? |
Abstract noun | love, wish, friendship | Their friendship grew stronger. |
collective noun | family, team, flock | The family enjoyed the picnic. |
pronouns
pronoun: is a word that stand for a noun or another pronoun
personal pronoun | I, you,he,she, It, we, they, me,you,him,her,us,it. | She called me. |
possesive pronoun | Mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs. | The bag is mine. |
reflexive pronoun | Myself, herself, itself. | He saw himself. |
reciprocal pronoun | Each other, one another. | They helped each other. |
Verbs
verb to be is a specific linking verb (am, is, are, etc.).
Linking verbs include "to be" and other verbs like "seem," "appear," "become," and more.
action verb | go, goes, is going, went, has gonerun: runs, is running, ran, has run… | She ran to the store. |
linking verb | be: am, is, are, is being, was, were, has been ,feel: feels, is feeling, felt, has eltbecome: becomes, is becoming, became, has become | She is tired. |
transitive | answer what and whom | The baby cried. |
intansitive | No direct object required. The tree fell. | She laughed loudly. |
Verb Phrases: are groups of words that act together as a verb in a sentence.
A verb phrase consists of a main verb and one or more helping verbs.
It is raining in Georgia.
Types of helping verbs:
Be (is, am, are, was, were, being, been)
Have (has, have, had)
Do (do, does, did)
Can (could, may, might, will) model verbs express necessity, ability or permission
Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns, giving more detail about their qualities, quantities, or states.
Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns (people, places, things or ideas) they provide more details about the noun, answering questions like
What kind?
Which one?
How many?
How much?
Types of Adjectives:
Descriptive Adjectives
Colors: blue, red, green
Size: large, tiny, enormous
Shape: round, square.
Quantitative Adjectives:
Some, few, many, several, whole.
Comparative:
Taller, smartest, fastest.
Demonstrative Adjectives:
This, that, those, these.
You should feel confident.
Adverbs:
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. They oftenndescribe how, when, where or to what extend an action is performed.
She runs quickly (answers the question how)
He is very tall (how)
They arrived early. (how)
Many adverbs end in –ly but not all do.
Types of adverbs:
Adverbs of manner:
These describe how an action is performed.
Quickly, slowly, carefully.
Adverbs of time:
Now, yesterday, soon, later.
Adverbs of frequency:
Always, often, never.
Adverbs of degree:
Very, quite, almost.
She can sing beautifully.
Prepositions
Prepositions are words that indicate direction, location, time, or method.
The cat is hiding behind the couch.
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses.
They can be categorized as coordinating, subordinating, or correlative.
coordinating conjunctions | FANBOYS | I want pizza and pasta |
suboordinating conjunctions | (because, although, since, unless, while) | Because it rained, we stayed home. |
correlative conjunctions | (either...or, neither...nor, both...and) | Either you go, or I will go |
Interjections
They are words or phrases that express strong emotions, reactions or sudden feelings.
Emotional expression:
convey surprise, anger or disgust.
Wow!
Ouch!
Yay!
Positive reactions:
Hooray!
Awesome!
Negative reactions:
Oops!
Oh no!
Neutral reactions
Well….
Hmm…..
Primary interjections words such as wow, ouch they don’t belong to any part of speech.
Secondary interjections, words like Great or oh that belong to other parts of speech but are used to convey feelings and emotions.
Subjects & Predicts
The predicate tells what the subject does or what is said about the subject. It always contains a verb, and it can include objects.
The dog barks. Barks is the predicate.
A simple subject: is just the main noun or pronoun doing the action.
The girl plays. “girl”
A complete subject: includes the main noun along with any modifiers that go
with it.
The big brown dog barked loudly. “the big brown dog”
Simple predicate: is just the verb or verb phrase.
The boy ran. “ran”
Complete predicate: Is the verb along with any objects, complements that
completes the meaning.
My little brother ate the entire pizza. Ate the entire pizza.
The talented musician played the piano beautifully.
Simple subject: Musician
Complete subject: The talented Musician.
Simple predicate: Played
Complete predicate: played the piano beautifully.
Fragments
Incomplete thoughts that lack one or more elements of a complete sentence.
Example: "Because the dog was hungry.“
Characteristics: Often missing a subject, verb, or complete idea. Cannot stand alone and often leave the reader hanging.
Direct & Indirect Objects
Direct objects answer the questions what? And whom?
John said, "I will help you with your homework."
Indirect objects: to whom? For whom? For what?
John told me that he would help me with my homework
Subject & Object Compliments
Complement: is a word or group of words added to complete an incomplete sentence.
Our school friend looks happy (complement)
She is a medical doctor (complement)
Subject complement:
1. a noun that renames the subject.
2. An adjective that describes the subject
3. Succeeds the “linking verb” which links it to its subject.
Andrea is a teacher (noun) subject complement
She is intelligent (adjective) subject complement
Object complements:
1. A noun adjective or phrase.
2. Succeeds the direct object in a sentence.
They call Andria genius. Object complement
They find her intelligent. Object complement
Many consider her amazing and admirable.
Adjectivial & Adverbial Phrases
Prepositional phrases could be an adjective or adverb phrase.
Adjective phrases answer the following questions:
What kind?
How many?
Which one?
The girl with the blue eyes is my neighbor.
Noun phrase (she) (Amnah) which girl?? Makes it an adjective
Adjective Prepositional Phrase (describes a noun):
The player with the blue racket is my teammate
Adverb phrases answer the following questions:
When?
Where?
How?
To what extend?
I’ll give you a call in the morning
The prepositional phrase acts as an adverb it answers question When?
Adverb Prepositional Phrase (modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb):
He hit the ball with great power.