LAB VALUES 1

Importance: Provides information regarding the cells in the blood.
- Includes red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets.

Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Normal range is 4.5 to 5,500,000 cells per microliter.

Low can be caused by anaemia or renal failure, treatment give Iron and erythropoietin

High can be from dehydration

White Blood Cells (WBCs): Normal range is 5,000 to 10,000 cells per microliter.
Platelets: Normal range is 150,000 to 400,000 cells per microliter.

Lower platelets means high chances of bleeding, less than 50 is risky

Thrombocytopenia: Definition - This refers to a low platelet count, specifically a count less than 150,000 cells per microliter.
Leukopenia: Definition - This is characterized by a low white blood cell count, particularly a count less than 5,000 cells per microliter caused by chemotherapy,radiation (bone marrow suppression), immunosuppressants drugs, lupus, don’t forget neutropenic precautions

Relevance: Important for assessing red blood cells, especially during transfusion procedures.
Normal Hemoglobin Ranges: hemoglobin carries oxygen around
- Female: 12 to 16 grams per deciliter
- Male: 14 to 18 grams per deciliter
- Risky:8-11
- Below 7 is deadly s/s cold clammy skin, fatigue,weakness, pallor
Normal Hematocrit Ranges: liquid part of the blood
- Female: 37 to 47%
- Male: 42 to 52%
- Elevated mean dehydration due to hemoconcentration
- Decreased means fluid volume overload from hemodilution

1;3 ration, multiple x3 to get hematocrit and divide by 3 to get HB

Importance: Essential for patients on anticoagulants to assess bleeding risks.
Prothrombin Time (PT): Normal range is 10 to 12 seconds for individuals not on anticoagulants.
- Related measure, International Normalized Ratio (INR), should be less than 1 for individuals not on anticoagulants.
- Therapeutic Range for INR while on warfarin: 2 to 3. Antidote vit k
  - If INR < 2: Indicates inadequately therapeutic warfarin; dosage may need to be increased.
  - If INR > 3: Indicates high risk for bleeding; dosage may need to be decreased.
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT): Normal range is 30 to 40 seconds for patients not on heparin. Antidote is prothamine sulphate
- Therapeutic range while on heparin: 60 to 80 seconds (1.5 to 2.5 times the normal range). Some book says 46-70
- If APTT < 60 seconds: Indicates sub-therapeutic levels of heparin; dosage may need to be increased.
- If APTT > 80 seconds: Indicates excessive levels of heparin; dosage may need to be decreased.

The higher they go, the higher bleeding risk

Purpose: Assesses fluid and electrolyte balance, glucose levels, renal function, and liver function (in comprehensive panels).

Glucose: 70 to 100 milligrams per deciliter
Calcium: 8.5 to 10.5 milligrams per liter
Chloride: 95 to 105 milliequivalents per liter (help maintain acid base balance)
Magnesium: 1.5 to 2.5 milligrams per deciliter
Phosphorus: 2.5 to 4.5 milligrams per deciliter
Potassium: 3.5 to 5 milliequivalents per liter (pump the muscles eg heart muscle)most asked electrolytes
Sodium: 135 to 145 milliequivalents per liter (swells the body)
- Memory Aid: All the electrolyte values resonate around multiples of five, aiding memorization.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Normal range is 5 to 20 milligrams per deciliter.( indicate dehydration )
Creatinine: Normal range is 0.6 to 1.2 milligrams per deciliter.( higher means the kidneys have died)

Total Protein: Normal range is 6.2 to 8.2 grams per deciliter.
Albumin: Normal range is 3.4 to 5.4 grams per deciliter.
- Function: Albumin plays a critical role in regulating oncotic pressure in the blood.

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): Normal range is 40 to 120 units per liter.
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT): Indicates liver health; normal ranges not specified in transcript but should be researched.
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST): Indicates liver health; normal ranges not specified in transcript but should be researched.
- Note: Abnormalities in ALP, ALT, or AST could indicate liver disease or other systemic diseases.