Biology EOC Review

Scientific Investigation

• If a company claims its product is scientifically proven, reliable results require peer review and repetition of the experiment, producing the same findings.

• The invention of the microscope significantly advanced the data gathering stage of scientific investigations.

• When investigating the effect of temperature on yeast metabolism, the mass of yeast and sugar should be held constant.

Scientific Law and Theory

• Scientific law and scientific theory are similar in that both represent a large amount of scientific investigation and evidence.

Cell Theory

• Doctors have confidence in cell behavior due to the cell theory being tested, refined, and observed to be true over hundreds of years.

Water Properties

• The polar nature of water molecules results in ionic compounds dissolving easily in water.

• If water had a low specific heat, organisms sensitive to temperature changes would likely die.

Formation of Organic Molecules

• Large organic molecules are most likely to form in a laboratory experiment if RNA segments that could act as catalysts are formed.

• If scientists simulate early Earth conditions and create a cell with DNA using RNA to produce proteins, they could conclude that such a cell could possibly form under those conditions.

• It is unlikely that microspheres will be found on meteorites because groups of lipids will only form into microspheres when they are in liquid water.

Lipids and Carbohydrates

• Lipids and carbohydrates both consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but carbohydrates have repeating structural units, while lipids do not.

Nucleic Acids and Enzymes

• Nucleic acids contain the genetic code for protein synthesis, while enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.

• If a genetic defect prevented a protein catalyst from being produced, the reaction the protein catalyzes would proceed very slowly or not at all.

Microscopes and Cell Theory

• The technological invention of microscopes was important to biology because it allowed for the development of the cell theory.

• Early elements of cell theory following Hooke's microscope suggest that improvements in technology are closely related to changes in the cell theory.

Eukaryotic Cells

• A characteristic that defines a cell as a eukaryote is having a nucleus.

Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

• Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes have few specialized structures.

Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells

• Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts, cell walls, or a large central vacuole, while plant cells do.

Cell Membranes

• Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have cell membranes, but eukaryotes also have membrane-bound organelles.

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

• In cellular respiration, the primary role of oxygen is to act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

• The reactants for cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen.

• The equation that describes photosynthesis is: $6CO<em>2 + 6H</em>2O + energy \rightarrow C<em>6H</em>{12}O<em>6 + 6O</em>2$

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

• Mitosis involves one division cycle and results in diploid daughter cells, while meiosis consists of two division cycles and results in haploid gametes.

• Meiosis results in greater genetic diversity than mitosis because, during meiosis, chromosomes assort themselves independently of each other, allowing for more different possible combinations of chromosomes.

• During meiosis, DNA segments are exchanged between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, resulting in different combinations of alleles, thus increasing genetic diversity.

• Meiosis would be most beneficial to a species during a drastic change in environmental conditions because it results in more genetic variation, which would help ensure the species will survive.

Alleles and Eye Color

• If the allele for brown eyes is dominant to the allele for blue eyes, two brown-eyed parents could produce a blue-eyed child if each parent carries the recessive allele for blue eyes.

Polydactylism

• If two cats that are heterozygous for polydactylism mate and have a litter with a total of 12 kittens, you would expect 9 kittens to have more than 10 fingers or toes.

Flower Color

• In pea plants, if 89 plants produced purple flowers and 31 plants produced white flowers, the best conclusion is that both parent plants are heterozygous for flower color.

tRNA and mRNA

• Cells need both tRNA and mRNA because tRNA is used on the ribosomes, and mRNA is used in the nucleus.

Codon

• Given the DNA sequence ATCAGTGAT, which goes through transcription and translation, 3 amino acids will result from this sequence.

DNA Replication

• If a cell is replicating its DNA and part of the DNA strand reads A-C-C-G-T-A-C, but the new strand built off this section reads T-G-G-A-A-T-G, when the new strand is used as a template, the strand built from it will differ from the original DNA.

Trophic Levels

• There is less available energy in the seal than there is in the phytoplankton because energy is lost as it moves up trophic levels.

• The correct tracing of energy transfer through the trophic levels in a marine food web is: Phytoplankton → krill → fish → seal.

• Energy decreases as it flows from one trophic level to the next in a marine food web.

• When sea birds consume fish, about 10 percent of the fish’s energy is transferred to the sea birds.

Insect Abundance in Arctic Tundra

• Pools of water, which make good breeding areas, are plentiful in summer as the permafrost melts, which might account for the insect abundance.

Carrying Capacity

• At the island’s carrying capacity, the birth and death rates are relatively equal.

Rainbow Trout

• To encourage the development of the rainbow trout population, removing dams along the stream to allow the water to flow faster would be most useful.

Abiotic Factors

• Seasonal variations in temperature can cause some of the individuals in a population to die.

Snake Species Introduction

• If a snake species were introduced to an ecosystem where it had no natural predators, they would compete with native snake species for resources, causing a decline in native snake populations and possibly extinction.

Carbon Dioxide

• Human-produced carbon dioxide is a problem because it leads to higher global temperatures.

Protecting the Environment and Sustainability

• Using solar power to generate electricity would be most helpful in protecting the environment and achieving sustainability.

• Planting trees to replace those that are cut down by logging would be most helpful in reaching sustainability.

Evolution

• The scientific theory of evolution is supported by the comparison of the skulls and skeletons of modern humans and extinct hominids through the similarity in skull shapes, hands, and hips between extinct hominids and humans supports a common ancestry.

• Similarities between human and chimpanzee hands and feet suggest that humans and chimpanzees both developed five digits on their hands and feet, suggesting they have a common ancestor.

• Hominid fossils are important for understanding modern human evolution because they are evidence of transitional species that show how modern humans evolved from ape-like ancestors.

• Humans and pigs are related to a common ancestor based on protein comparisons.

• The limited population size after the lava flow resulted in a limited gene pool, causing genetic drift in future generations of hibiscus plants on this island, which is why there is a greater percentage of orange hibiscus.

• The likely outcome is that the frogs from the islands introduce new genes to the mainland gene pool, causing a change of pitch in the mainland frog population.

• The flow of black wolf genes across the land bridge added to the gray wolf population's gene pool, increasing the frequency of the genes for black fur in the population.

• It would reduce the panthers' capacity for inherited variation and would leave them vulnerable to disease and genetic abnormalities due to human encroachment.

Domains

• The Eukaryotes are easiest because they tend not to share genetic material with each other except when they are reproducing sexually.

• Genetic analyses showed that Archaea are much more ancient than Bacteria provides the best argument for separating Archaea and Bacteria into their own domains.

• They learned that they make their membranes and copy their DNA differently is the separation into own domains instead of single kingdom Monera.

• Archaea and Bacteria both form endospores for protection or develop cilia or flagella to swim away when reacting to difficult environmental conditions.

• Fungus-like protists and heterotrophic protists both need to gather food from their environment.

• Fungi have cell walls and specialized tissues distinguishes them from other kingdoms.

• Seedless vascular plants and nonvascular plants both contain xylem and phloem, but seedless vascular plants reproduce asexually, and nonvascular plants reproduce sexually.

• The most logical conclusion about the classification of this plant is that it is a gymnosperm and belongs to the division of Coniferophyta.

• The glucose produced during photosynthesis in the leaf cells would not be able to reach the rest of the plant, and the cellular respiration in the plant's other cells would not function if a plant's leaves developed so that its vascular tissue only contained xylem.

• The plant would not be able to exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide, and the plant's ability to perform photosynthesis would be limited if the waxy covering was overproduced so that the stomata became clogged on terrestrial plants.

• The structure of the leaf best supports the process of gas exchange for photosynthesis.

• Animals have complex organ systems and reproduce sexually best describes the characteristics that differentiate animals from the organisms of other kingdoms.

• A indicates which of the brain regions marked on the diagram is the frontal lobe.

• Fever and dehydration increase body temperature and decrease the amount of fluids, which increase a person’s heart rate and respiration.

• The patient may suffer a heart attack because of the reduction in blood flow to the heart muscles due to severe plaque build-up in the coronary artery since the patient has high blood pressure and atherosclerosis in the coronary artery.

• The embryo's organs begin to function on their own happens earliest during pregnancy.

• Sperm travels through the vas deferens, and eggs travel through the fallopian tubes is correct comparison.

• Sperm would not be able to develop properly if the temperature inside the scrotum were a few degrees higher than normal body temperature instead.

• That it increases genetic variation in offspring correctly explains how crossing over benefits organisms that reproduce sexually.

• Check for the presence of antibodies in the blood would be the best way to detect whether someone was infected with a virus, like HIV.

• The flu virus is constantly mutating and changing explains why people need to get a flu shot each year.

• If a doctor provides an antibiotic to treat colds and viruses, any bacteria in the patient's body will be killed, but a few will survive. Those few survivors may become resistant to antibiotics needed for real bacterial illnesses.