Chapter 18
I’m gonna put the questions and the answers and you make them into a flashcard set.
How did the government push for the vast construction of the railroads? Republican leaders passed legislation to grant subsidies to corporations building railroads
Which political party is more likely to grant subsidies to major corporations to help spur economic ventures? Republican Party
Before the Civil War, wage earners saw factory work as a stepping-stone to attaining their own farms or small businesses. What about after? New technology and greater mechanization meant fewer and fewer workers could legitimately aspire to economic independence.
Due to the growing size of corporations, owners were becoming more and more disconnected from their employees and day-to-day operations, leading the owners to turn to whom? Managers
What kind of groups were forming to fight for a growing, more-permanent working class? Labor unions
How was food production nationalized? Cattle were shipped by rail from Texas to Chicago, where they went through “disassembly lines,” packed into refrigerated rail cars and sent to butcher shops nationwide.
Which city became the “Gateway City,” the crossroads connecting American agricultural goods, capital markets in New York and London, and consumers from all corners of the United States? Chicago
To highlight such startling technological advances of the times, on April Fool’s Day in 1878, the New York Daily Graphic published a fictitious interview with inventor Thomas Edison describing what fake invention that Edison received real attention as if it was real? A food machine that could create forty different kinds of food and drink out of air, water, and dirt, for $5 or $6.
What was the model of Edison’s Menlo Park research laboratory? Commercially minded management of research and development; an “inventor factory”
What was the first big line of research and development by Edison’s invention factory in September 1878? Electric power and lighting
When did Edison have a working system of power generation and electrical light for reporters and investors? Fall 1879
New York’s Pearl Street central power station powered a square mile of Manhattan, opened when? September 1882
Electricity is to the Second Industrial Revolution as ________ is to the First Industrial Revolution. Railroads
What two factors lead to American urbanization? Growth of industry and immigration
What were the pull factors of many immigrants to the US? Inexpensive land; economic opportunity to send money back home; fertile land ripe for farming; industrial capitalism
What were the push factors of many immigrants to the US? Religious persecution; less opportunity to purchase land or business
What was the goal for many of the immigrants that did not stay in the US? Save up money to purchase land back in their home country
How would immigrants assimilate into their new cities and communities? Clustered together in ethnic neighborhoods, known as ghettoes, where they would have their own stores, schools, organizations and societies, newspapers
Immigrants would write home of their new life in the US and encourage others to follow them, in a process called ______________. Chain migration
How did municipal governments adapt to immigrant populations? Political machines
What is a political machine? A sort of “mutual aid society” in which they would respond to immigrants’ needs and help them with certain things in exchange for their blind votes and donations to give them power
What is the most famous political machine, a machine in New York City for the Democratic Party? Who was their most famous politician? Tammany Hall, William “Boss” Tweed
How would these political machines be funded? Public works projects and subsidies would be taken advantage of.
Which park was built due to Tammany Hall? Central Park in NYC
Which bridge was built due to Tammany Hall? Brooklyn Bridge
As the urban population boomed, where would most people live? Slums
As cities grew and rural areas languished, how did this affect the social standing of farmers? Social status went down, less respected position
In an attempt to find a “middle ground” between city and country, what began slowly as an answer to urban overcrowding? Suburban communities outside of cities.
What was the goal of a “New South”? Embrace industrialization and diversify agriculture
What was the true consequence of the “New South”? Continued racial prejudice, resentment, rise of white supremacy and terrorist organizations such as the KKK, political corruption, violent intimidation, and economic exploitation
Following the end of the Reconstruction, this term is for people who worked to “redeem” the South back to its white supremacy days. Redeemers
What is the extralegal murder of individuals by vigilantes? Lynchings
Where were lynchings most common? Cotton Belt of the Deep South
Who published Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases that documented lynching culture and exposed the myths of black rapists? Ida B. Wells
What was the proposed legislation, that ultimately failed, that would have made local counties legally liable for the killings? Dyer Bill
In North Carolina, in response to Republicans and Populists combining together in votes and power in 1896, shocked white Democrats formed “_____ ______” groups, paramilitary organizations dedicated to eradicating black political participation and restoring Democratic rule through violence and intimidation. Red Shirt
Through a “white supremacy campaign” of violence and intimidation against black voters and officeholders, the Red Shirts “took back” state governments during which North Carolina election year? 1898
The combined Populists and Republicans, also known as ______, still controlled city governments in Wilmington because municipal elections were not held that year (1898). Fusionists
How did “Jim Crow” affect employment and housing throughout the South? Allowed discrimination and segregation
The 15th Amendment was supposed to have guaranteed the right to vote for African Americans, but many southern states implemented what test, which was arbitrarily judged, and tax, which prevented poor whites and African Americans from voting? Literacy test and poll tax
What was the “civic religion” that retold the recent history of the South, glorifying the Confederacy and romanticizing the Old South? “Lost Cause”
How did the “Lost Cause” address slaves? “Contented and loyal”
How did the “Lost Cause” address slavemasters? “Benevolent and generous”
How did the “Lost Cause” address women in the South? “Pure and faithful southern belles”
Thomas F. Dixon published this novel, which depicted the KKK as heroic defenders of the South against the corruption of African American and northern carpetbaggers during Reconstruction. The Clansman (1905)
That book was turned into what blockbuster film, which “single handedly rejuvenated the KKK”? Birth of a Nation (1915)
Industrially, what was the main focus of the South to grow the economy? Transportation networks (hard-surfaced roads and railroads)
With the establishment of these roads and railroads, the region also saw an increase in these manufacturing industries. Textiles, tobacco, furniture, steel
How were jobs divided in the factories? Better-paying jobs reserved for white people, dangerous, labor-intensive jobs given to African Americans
Where were African American women able to only find work doing? Domestic help for white families
How did the New South grow and change from the Old South? Industrial output and railroad construction, albeit limited compared to the rest of the nation
How did the New South not change from the Old South? Racial discrimination
Why were so many people against robber barons donating their money to religious organizations? “Tainted money debate”: should moral groups be able to accept donations from people who got their money through unethical business practices
Define the “gospel of wealth” according to steel Andrew Carnegie. The moral obligation of the rich to give to charity.
How did the opinion of farmers and labor organizations differ from the robber barons? Farmers and labor organizers believed God blessed the weak and new Gilded Age fortunes and corporate management were inherently immoral.
How did American churches adapt to the new industrial order? Accepted donations from robber barons, without thinking of the obligations that may come with it.
Secular knowledge-seeking and Gilded Age wealth greatly increased the role of religion in what field? Higher education
Morrill Land Grants of 1862 and 1890 subsidized schools that emphasized which three fields (name at least 2)? Agriculture, science, engineering
What types of universities did the Morrill Land Grant of 1890 provide for? Black colleges in states with segregated universities (historically black colleges and universities [HBCUs])
What was the first HBCU, founded 9 years prior to the Morrill Land Grant Act of 1890? Who founded it? Tuskegee Institute; Booker T. Washington
Who borrowed the models of research-based graduate education from German universities in being the first president of Johns Hopkins University in 1876? Daniel Coit Gilman
Charles William Eliot advocated for and modeled for the nation the replacement of a strictly guided classical curriculum with a more open-ended and practical-minded elective system at which university? Harvard
Why did college campuses become sites for public discussion over the fate of traditional masculinity? Rising population of women as students at separate women’s universities or co-educational universities
Due to their presence in these universities, women more fervently challenged traditional gender norms, specifically fighting for what three things? Municipal reform, labor rights, suffrage movement
As gender norms shifted, hemlines rose, corsets relaxed, women expressed more freedom (specifically in cities), this is seen as a precursor to what group of women that came later during the Progressive Era? Flappers
What movement rose together with the suffrage movement, and again saw a resurgence during this time? Temperance
Middle-class, Protestant women often sought to impart a middle-class education on immigrant and working-class women through the establishment of what places? Settlement houses
Which reformer is most famous for starting a settlement house, Hull House, in Chicago in 1889? Jane Addams
Many women reformers touted what new “science of hygiene, deployed as a method of both social and moral uplift?” “Scientific motherhood”
Many women also vocalized their discontents through what medium? Literature
The short story “The Yellow Wallpaper” written by ________, attacked the naturalness of feminine domesticity and critiqued Victorian psychological remedies administered to women, such as the “rest cure.” Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Which book, set in the American South, criticized the domestic and familial role ascribed to women by society? Katie Chopin’s The Awakening
What is neurasthenia, also known as “Americanitis?” Found in men due to working “white-collar” jobs rather than labor-intensive jobs; American men worrying about their masculinity
What group of Christians were born from this fear, to build strong bodies and minds? “Muscular Christianity”
To prevent Christian men from becoming too “mushy and effeminate,” “muscular Christians” founded summer camps and outdoor boys’ clubs, such as the Woodcraft Indians, Sons of Daniel Boone, and Boy Brigades. These were all precursors to what modern day group? Boy Scouts
Other “muscular Christians” built gymnasiums, often attached to churches, where young men can strengthen their bodies, eventually leading to bodybuilding and invention of sports like basketball and volleyball. These Christians formed what modern day organization to help facilitate all this? Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA)
What were the values of “muscular Christianity” in relation to western expansionism? Pro-Western imperialism, want to civilize non-Western people; connected with the rising tides of nationalism, militarism, and imperialism
Who embodied the idealized image of the tall, strong, virile, and fit American man that epitomized the ideals of American power? Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders (Spanish-American War, 1898)
What new entertainment, peaking between 1880 and 1920, featured a more family-friendly, “polite” environment with comedians, musicians, actors, jugglers, and other talents to captivate an audience? Vaudeville
Which two all-time great performers made names for themselves on the vaudeville circuit, performing at venues such as Palace Theatre in New York City? Charlie Chaplin and Harry Houdini
Which two inventions, pioneered by Edison, revolutionized leisure and entertainment in the twentieth century? Phonograph (record and reproduce sound) and motion picture(“an instrument which does for the Eye what the phonograph does for the Ear”)
What was one common aspect of entertainment of the times (vaudeville, motion pictures) that is now seen as controversial? Offensive ethnic and racial caricatures of African Americans and recent immigrants