Appendicular system
Page 1
Clinical Case: Double Jeopardy
Patient: Monique, a 28-year-old receptionist, 7 months pregnant.
Incident: Monique is in a car accident caused by a pickup truck that runs a red light and hits her vehicle.
Injuries:
Monique's head breaks the driver’s side window, and she loses consciousness.
Her left side is in pain, specifically her hip; she cannot move her left lower limb.
Fetal movement is absent, raising immediate concern for her baby.
Emergency Response:
Jaws of Life used to extricate Monique from the vehicle.
Emergency responders apply a cervical collar, administer oxygen, and transport her to the trauma center.
Monitoring:
After regaining consciousness, she expresses concern for her baby.
Fetal monitoring reveals a normal heart rate.
Next Steps in Care:
An MRI of her pelvis is scheduled.
Following the MRI, Monique will head to the operating room.
Learning Outcomes for Skeletal System: Appendicular Division
7.1 Identify the bones forming the pectoral girdle and upper limb and their prominent surface features (p. 174).
7.2 Identify the bones forming the pelvic girdle and lower limb and their prominent surface features (p. 184).
7.3 Explain how studying the skeleton can reveal important information about an individual (p. 197).
Page 2
Structure of the Skeletal System
The skeletal system provides direct anatomical connections to muscular systems.
Understanding relationships:
Calcium: Muscle contractions rely on calcium; bones store calcium.
Functionality: The appendicular skeleton controls movement; the axial skeleton protects organs and assists in vital functions like breathing.
Components:
Appendicular skeleton includes the bones of upper and lower limbs and the girdles connecting them to the trunk.
The pectoral girdle (shoulder) includes clavicles and scapulae.
The pelvic girdle supports and protects lower organs.
Page 3
Movements and Features of the Pectoral Girdle
Clavicle and Scapula: Essential for positioning the shoulder and arm movement.
Important markings:
Muscle attachment sites create ridges and tuberosities for muscle connection.
Clavicle:
Connects pectoral girdle to axial skeleton, transfers weight from the upper limb.
Fractures are common and typically heal quickly with treatment.
Scapula:
Functions as a triangle with attachment points for muscles.
Glenoid cavity articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint.
Page 4
Anatomy of the Clavicle and Scapula
Clavicle Anatomy:
S-shaped, connects sternum and scapula, Only direct connection between pectoral girdle and axial skeleton.
Articulates at two ends: with the manubrium (sternum) and acromion (scapula).
Fractures common due to falls, treated with strap support.
Scapula Anatomy:
Has many surface markings for muscle attachment; key for position of the shoulder.
Anatomical features: glenoid cavity, acromion, coracoid process.
Page 5
Detailed Features of the Scapula
Scapula Components:
Medial, lateral, and superior borders; includes angles and glenoid cavity.
The acromion and coracoid processes serve as crucial muscle attachment sites.
The scapula allows for a broad range of arm movement.
Page 6
Humerus, Radius, and Ulna
Humerus:
Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder joint.
Notable features: greater tubercle for muscle attachment, trochlea for ulna articulation at the elbow.
Ulna and Radius:
Parallel bones of the forearm; olecranon of the ulna forms the elbow's point.
Articulation helps in flexing and extending the elbow.
Page 7
Anatomy of the Humerus
Humeral Structure:
Contains a head, neck, tubercles, articular surfaces (trochlea, capitulum).
Grooves and projections indicate areas for muscle and nerve attachments.
Page 8
Further Humerus Details
Continues to show variations and specific attachment areas for muscles influencing arm movement.
Page 9
Radius and Ulna Anatomy
Detailed Sphere: Humerus interacts with radius and ulna at the elbow.
Attachment areas critical for muscle efficiency and its role in arm mobility.
Page 10
Tarsal Bones Structure
Foot and Ankle Bones:
Composed of tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges, similar functional design to the hand.
Page 11
Foot's Structural Organization
The foot contains a similar structure to the hand and is vital for locomotion.
Page 12
Detailed Areas of the Foot
Awareness of individual bone structures helps in understanding weight distribution and movement mechanics.
Page 13
Pelvis Overview
Greater (false) and lesser (true) pelvis protect and transmit force.
Page 14
Distinctions between Male and Female Pelvis
Characteristics adapted for childbirth vs. mobility; variations in skeletal features.
Page 15
Pelvic Girdle's Structural Composition
Composition: Each hip bone formed from ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Page 16
Pelvic Stability and Additional Features
Provides structure for muscle attachment and protection for pelvic organs.
Page 17
Bone Density and Strength Relevance
Differences in male and female skeletal structure lead to variations in injury susceptibility.
Page 18
Changes with Age
Documentation of development and changes in skeletal structure throughout life.
Page 19
Clinical Case Outcome
Monique: Diagnosed with a transverse fracture of the left acetabulum, requiring surgical fixation.
Fetus Condition: No visible trauma; healthy delivery after surgery.
Page 20 Functional Role of the Pelvic Girdle The pelvic girdle serves as the junction between the axial skeleton and lower limbs, offering support and stability during locomotion.
Page 21 Gender Differences in Bone Structure Men typically have denser bones and thicker cortices compared to women, impacting physical capability and potential for injury.
Page 22 Bone Injury and Healing Process Understanding the stages of bone healing includes inflammation, bone production, and remodeling; vital for recovery from injuries like fractures.
Page 23 Common Bone Disorders An overview of conditions such as osteoporosis, arthritis, and fractures, highlighting their impacts on skeletal health and mobility.
Page 24 Preventive Measures for Bone Health Strategies include regular exercise, nutrition rich in calcium and vitamin D, and avoiding smoking to maintain healthy bone density.
Page 25 The Role of Exercise in Bone Health Weight-bearing exercises stimulate bone formation, enhancing strength and reducing risk of osteoporosis and fractures over time.
Page 26 Age-Related Changes in Bone A life-span perspective on how bone density decreases with age, influencing the risk of fractures among older adults.
Page 27 Clinical Application of Bone Knowledge Understanding of skeletal system is crucial in various fields like orthopedics, physical therapy, and sports medicine, guiding treatment and rehabilitation strategies.
Page 20 Functional Role of the Pelvic Girdle The pelvic girdle serves as the junction between the axial skeleton and lower limbs, offering support and stability during locomotion.
Page 21 Gender Differences in Bone Structure Men typically have denser bones and thicker cortices compared to women, impacting physical capability and potential for injury.
Page 22 Bone Injury and Healing Process Understanding the stages of bone healing includes inflammation, bone production, and remodeling; vital for recovery from injuries like fractures.
Page 23 Common Bone Disorders An overview of conditions such as osteoporosis, arthritis, and fractures, highlighting their impacts on skeletal health and mobility.
Page 24 Preventive Measures for Bone Health Strategies include regular exercise, nutrition rich in calcium and vitamin D, and avoiding smoking to maintain healthy bone density.
Page 25 The Role of Exercise in Bone Health Weight-bearing exercises stimulate bone formation, enhancing strength and reducing risk of osteoporosis and fractures over time.
Page 26 Age-Related Changes in Bone A life-span perspective on how bone density decreases with age, influencing the risk of fractures among older adults.
Page 27 Clinical Application of Bone Knowledge Understanding of skeletal system is crucial in various fields like orthopedics, physical therapy, and sports medicine, guiding treatment and rehabilitation strategies.