APHG Unit 2 Vocab

  1. Demography – The scientific study of population characteristics.

  2. Population Density – The number of people living per unit of area (e.g., arithmetic, physiological, agricultural).

  3. Carrying Capacity – The maximum population size an environment can sustainably support.

  4. Ecumene – The portion of Earth’s surface that is permanently inhabited by humans.

  5. Population Distribution – The pattern of where people live.

  6. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) – The number of live births per 1,000 people per year.

  7. Crude Death Rate (CDR) – The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

  8. Natural Increase Rate (NIR) – The percentage by which a population grows in a year (CBR - CDR).

  9. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) – The average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime.

  10. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – The number of infant deaths (under 1 year) per 1,000 live births.

  11. Life Expectancy – The average number of years a person is expected to live.

Population Theories & Models

  1. Demographic Transition Model (DTM) – A model that describes population change over time through 5 stages.

  2. Epidemiologic Transition Model – Focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the DTM.

  3. Malthusian Theory – Thomas Malthus’s theory that population growth would outpace food supply.

  4. Neo-Malthusians – Modern supporters of Malthus’s ideas, emphasizing sustainability issues.

Population Policies

  1. Pro-natalist Policy – A government policy that encourages population growth (e.g., France, Japan).

  2. Anti-natalist Policy – A government policy that discourages population growth (e.g., China’s One Child Policy).

  3. Dependency Ratio – The ratio of people not in the labor force (young and old) to those who are working-age.

Migration

  1. Migration – A permanent move to a new location.

  2. Immigration – Moving into a country.

  3. Emigration – Moving out of a country.

  4. Net Migration – The difference between immigration and emigration.

  5. Push Factor – A negative condition that drives people away from a location (e.g., war, famine).

  6. Pull Factor – A positive condition that attracts people to a location (e.g., jobs, safety).

  7. Voluntary Migration – Migration based on one’s free will and initiative.

  8. Forced Migration – Migration compelled by conflict, disasters, or authority (e.g., slavery, refugees).

  9. Refugee – A person forced to flee their country due to conflict or persecution.

  10. Internally Displaced Person (IDP) – Someone who is forced to flee their home but stays within the country.

  11. Asylum Seeker – A person seeking international protection from persecution.

  12. Step Migration – Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages.

  13. Chain Migration – Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

  14. Transnational Migration – When people move and maintain ties to more than one country.

  15. Intervening Obstacle – A factor that hinders migration (e.g., physical barriers, laws).

  16. Intervening Opportunity – A nearby opportunity that diminishes the attractiveness of farther away options.

  17. Remittances – Money sent by migrants to their home country.

  18. Brain Drain – Large-scale emigration by talented or educated people.

  19. Guest Worker – A foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country.

Migration Theories

  1. Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Model – Links migration patterns to the demographic transition stages.

  2. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration – A set of principles about migration patterns and tendencies.