Unit 5 Review - Supplement Mr. Reppart Notes
Unit 5 Review: Revolutions from c. 1750 - c. 1900
The Enlightenment, the Atlantic Revolutions, and the Industrial Revolution are the main topics of this unit.
5.1 The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment ideals challenged the roles of powerful monarchs and the Church.
Individualism
Freedom
Self-determination
Natural Rights: Rights afforded to you just by being born.
Life
Liberty
Property/Pursuit of Happiness
Deism [ someone created earth but doesn't intervene in it's workings ]
Empiricism [ humans gain knowledge from their senses; hearing, smelling, etc ].
Citizenship [ legal status ]
These ideas encouraged revolutions in the US, France, and around the world, as well as numerous reform movements.
The Enlightenment: A movement taking ideas from humanism and the Renaissance, as well as the Scientific Revolution that valued reason over faith (Empiricism).
Led to the “Age of Isms”
Socialism: Worker owns the means of production
Liberalism: A push towards new ideas and change, a belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies
Conservatism: A belief in traditional values
Nationalism: A fierce loyalty to those who share your customs and language
Capitalism: Means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.
Feminism: Women’s rights and equality
Deism: God exists but does not ordain
Empiricism: Knowledge comes from your senses.
5.1 Enlightenment Thinkers
John Locke
There is no divine right.
People are born with natural rights.
Social Contract: The people give the government power. In return, the government protects the people. Should the government fail, the people may overthrow the government.
Greatly influenced American Democracy [ people elect officials to govern on their behalf ]
Ideas challenged the power of the Catholic Church and the power of many monarchs
Believed intelligence was not influenced by ancestry, but by education and environment.
Thomas Hobbes
Believed in a slightly modified social contract.
Believed people’s natural state was to live in a bleak world that was “nasty, brutish, and short”.
Believed life could be made better by giving away some rights to a strong government to improve life and have law and order.
Believed in the power of a strong Monarchy
The Philosophes: A group of 18th c. thinkers and writers who explored social, political, and economic theories.
Growing literacy amongst populations allowed for Enlightenment writing to spread.
Popularized ideas they took from scientific writers of the 17th c.
Included Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and Adam Smith.
Baron Montesquieu: Influenced American politics by writing about and praising the British government use of checks and balance, and separation of powers in Parliament.
Voltaire: Advocated for civil liberties (rights)
Encouraged despots (people who hold absolute power )like Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great to institute Enlightened policies (Enlightened Despots)
Encouraged the French Revolution
Encouraged the American Constitution with his ideas of religious liberty.
Adam Smith and The Wealth of Nations encouraged ideas of
Capitalism (private businesses owned the means of their productions)
Laissez - Faire Economics (“leave alone”)
Advocated against Mercantilism
Thomas Paine: Staunch deist who was anti-church. Encouraged ideas of American liberty with writings such as Common Sense
As empires grew and continued to consolidate power, Enlightenment ideas spread.
5.1 Reactions to the Enlightenment
As industrialization grew, life in cities for the poor and those who worked in factories became tougher and tougher.
Enlightenment thinkers wanted more government regulations for the poor to improve things like sanitation and labor conditions.
Many Christians called for increased charity.
Utopian Socialism: believed society could be improved by creating ideal communities where workers shared ownership of property and resources, promoting equality and cooperation instead of profit and competition. (Like communism)
Henri de Saint - Simon: Engineers, scientists, and business should work together to provide jobs, create spaces worth working in, and create useful products.
Charles Fourier: People should live harmoniously in society rather than struggle in a class system.
Robert Owen: Communal ownership of property, education for children who worked, community rules to govern life.
Fabian Societies - England. Gradual Socialists, Believed in reforming society through parliament. Influenced lots of Europe in the 20th C.
Feminism: A movement for women’s rights, equality, and suffrage based on Enlightenment ideas.
In 1791 Olympe de Gouges wrote “the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen” to point out that women’s rights had not been addressed in the hugely significant “Declarations of the Rights of Man and the French Citizen” that had encouraged the French Revolution.
Inspired by Gouges, Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women where she argued women should have the same right to education as men.
Education would give women more opportunities politically and professionally so they wouldn’t have to rely on men.
These writing inspired the 1848 Seneca Falls convention
“The Declaration of Sentiments” was announced and said women should:
Have the right to hold office, property, manage their money, be legal guardians of their children.
Led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Abolitionism: Reform movement encouraged by the Enlightenment fighting for the end of serfdom and slavery.
The slave trade was made illegal in most places in the early 1800s, but slavery continued in those nations for upwards of 30 years.
As Europe became more industrialized, serfdom became less important.
Peasant revolts also led to reform.
Elizabeth the I in England ended serfdom in 1574
France did so in 1789
Russia did so in 1861
23 million Russian serfs were freed.
Zionism: After centuries of anti-semitism ( hatred against Jewish people ) around Europe, Jewish people pushed to have their own homeland. Led by Theodor Herzl
Europe had not been a safe place for Jews, and the French Dreyfus affair solidified this.
A Jewish military officer was framed for crimes against the state. Framed to build distrust against the Jewish community.
Results in the eventual establishment of Israel in 1948 after the fall of the Ottoman Empire
New Ideas of natural rights and what it means to be a citizen encouraged abolitionist movements.
Growing nationalism sometimes challenged abolitionist ideas and zionism because these people didn’t share ethnic ties to their community.
Despite abolition movements, most social hierarchies stayed the same and focused on race/ethnicity with freed slaves or serfs at the bottom
5.2 - Nationalism and Revolutions
Enlightenment ideas clashed with conservative traditions leading to an age of revolutions around the world. These revolutions were based on ideals of progress, reason, and natural law and had two major goals in common:
A desire for Constitutional Government
A desire for democratic process.
American Revolution
Rooted in Enlightenment Philosophy and ideas of free-market economy
Anti-Mercantilism
Causes:
Colonists were basically politically independent
Great distance from Great Britain
Unhappy with regulations placed on colonies by Great Britain without their say
Important Document:
Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson
Heavily influenced by ideas of John Locke (unalienable rights)
Outcome:
France helped the colonists become free from GB and establish and constitutional republic.
Encouraged revolutionary movements in France
New Zealand Wars:
Great Britain annexed New Zealand in 1840 resulting in an increased control over Maori tribes (iwi) and a desire for the land.
The independent tribes banded together to fight against the British, resulting in growing Maori nationalism.
Unable to defeat the British
French Revolution
Ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity popularized by the Enlightenment Philosophes encouraged the French Revolution.
Causes
France was poor after many wars (spending more than they made)
France called the Estates - General to try and fix it.
The Estates-General was made up of the clergy, nobility, and commoners.
Commoners made up 97% of French society but did NOT make up 97% of the Estates - General which upset the commoners and encouraged them to make the National Assembly, their own governing body.
The War:
Initially, revolutionaries wanted a constitutional Monarchy, but this wasn’t enough for the General Assembly who stormed the Bastille in 1789 which encouraged peasant uprisings. The King surrendered to the National Assembly
They abolished feudalism and adopted a new constitution called the “Declaration of Rights of Man” which declared basic human rights.
The King refused to accept limited power and was overthrown. This established the French Republic led by a group called the Jacobins.
The French Republic:
Under the Jacobins, the new French government led the Reign of Terror
Killed thousands who opposed the revolution including the king and queen.
There was a long period of turmoil until Napoleon Bonaparte, a military general, took control and made himself emperor of France.
Haitian Revolution
Causes:
Encouraged by the American and French revolutions, slaves began rising up against their masters. They killed them a burned their homes.
Joined by escaped slaves already in the Caribbean called the Maroons.
Toussaint L’Overture, a Haitian well versed in Enlightenment thought, joined the rebellion against slavery.
The enslaved Africans and Maroons established an independent government.
Haiti:
L’Ouverture produced the Haitian constitution in 1801 that gave all people equality and citizenship.
He declared himself governor for life.
He split plantations between former slaves and free black people.
He was imprisoned by France and died in 1803.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Succeeded L’Ouverture and declared Haiti permanently independent.
First country in LA to win independence
First black-led country in the W. Hemisphere
Only country to be permanently independent as a result of a slave uprising.
French VS Haitian Revolutions
Both:
Encouraged by Enlightenment ideas that said men had natural rights.
Felt restricted by social classes (estates)
Haitian:
Led by slaves that had no rights prior to revolutions.
Creole Revolutions in Latin America
Social Structures in Latin America:
Peninsulares - Born in Spain of Portugal
Creoles - Born of European ancestry in the Americas
Mestizos - Born of European and Indian parents
Mulattoes - African and either European or Indigenous populations
Creoles owned business and were upset with Spain’s mercantilist policies.
Creoles and Mestizos wanted more political power, and resented the status of Peninsulares
Bolivar Revolutions:
Desires for independence grew amongst the Creole class first.
They did not want help from the “masses” (mestizos, indigenous, mulattos) because of what happened in Haiti.
Bolivar was rich and well versed in Enlightenment ideas.
Talented war general who fought against Spain
Wrote the “Jamaica Letter”
Aimed at rich creoles to join the cause.
Rejected ideas of Mercantilism
Wanted reform - outlined liberal ideas.
Established “Gran Colombia” - wanted it to be like the US.
Wars were expensive and LA suffered.
Armies became loyal to the caudillos - strong local leaders who resisted democratic ideas and rule of law.
Results of the Creole Revolutions:
New constitutions and government were established in LA but things weren’t super changed.
Social hierarchy still dominated society, and even though slavery was ended non-Spanish speakers were still denied most rights.
The creole class remained in the upper class, and stayed pretty conservative.
Women gained little in the LA revolutions.
Other Challenges to Spanish Rule:
Lola Rodriguez de Tio - A poet who critiqued Spain’s rule over Puerto Rico and Cuba.
Her writings encouraged Enlightenment ideas of equality and education leading to uprisings against Spain.
Spain also controlled the Philippines, where educational opportunities were limited.
Many young men went to study in Europe and were encouraged by Enlightenment ideas.
Nationalism and republicanism grows.
Jose Rizal led the Propaganda movement
Print publications start calling for more freedom in the Philippines (not independence)
Rizal was jailed and killed.
People were shocked, and rose up for real independence in 1896.
Nationalism and Unification in Europe
As nationalism grew, ideas of cultural and ethnic ties united new empires, and threatened older more multi-ethnic empires.
Italian Unification:
In the 1880s, the Italian Peninsula was divided into local kingdoms and city-states.
Count di Cavour decided to unite them under the national identity of Italian.
Using realpolitik (practical politics) and Enlightenment ideas, he orchestrated a series of wars to weaken Austrian influence over the land.
Giuseppe Mazzini and his idea of Italian Resurgence (risorgimento), combined the Cavour’s ideas, encouraged revolutionary fervor and Italy was unified.
Italy remained poor in the 19th century, and many immigrated to other countries.
German Unification:
Parts of what was once the Holy Roman Empire were now under French control (Napoleon)
Growing nationalism says this is bad.
Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck used realpolitik to make Austria fight in 2 wars against Prussia, and France 1 war.
He won all 3!
Nationalism grew and Prussia gained territory
1871 - Bismarck establishes the kingdom of Germany
Germany and Italy both become new world powers, and we see the seeds of growing nationalism that will lead to WWI.
Balkan Nationalism
The Ottoman Empire had controlled the Balkan region for quite awhile, but in 1683 we start to see the beginning of the end.
Other Balkan nations like Austria, and Eastern nations like Russia, start to push back against the Ottomans.
Balkan nationalism develops.
In 1827, after more contact with Western Enlightenment ideas, Greece worked with GB, France, and Russia to assert independence from the Ottomans after 325 years.
In places like Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania, waning Ottoman control led to the introduction of new ideas, the growth of nationalism, and a desire for independence.
Ottoman Nationalism:
As a response to the growing desires of Balkan nationalism and independence, the Ottoman Empire created Ottomanism
The creation of a new unified Ottoman identity and state.
Used education to encourage Ottoman identity.
Other ethnic groups did not like this.
Actually highlighted how unhappy people were with Ottoman empire
Independence movements grew.=
5.3 & 5.4 The Industrial Revolution Begins and Spreads
Context: The Columbian Exchange, the growth of maritime trading empires, increased agricultural productivity, and individual accumulation of capital led to the Industrial Revolution.
Preindustrial Societies
Lived in rural areas
Grew most of food
Made own clothes
Cottage Industries:
Made to compete with Indian Cotton (be cheaper)
Merchants gave raw cotton to women who spun it at home .
Gave women independence.
Low Pay
Production was slow
Investor demand for faster production encouraged the growth of factories!
Agricultural Improvements:
Crop Rotation
Seed Drill
Introduction of potato into European diets
Other Improvements
Medical Care
The improvements led to an increase in population, and the need for fewer farmers
Plenty of people to work in factories!
New Technology
Interchangeable Parts - Eli Whitney
If a part broke, it could be easily replaced.
Division of Labor - Bosses and not-bosses. (Not everyone had to be skilled)
Specialization of Labor - Each person has a specific job
Assembly Line - Henry Ford - Moving line made for quick production of a good in a factory.
New Technologies:
Spinning Jenny - James Hargreaves
A weaver can spin more than one thread at a time.
Water Frame - Richard Arkwright
Water Powered the spinning wheel.
The water frame doomed cottage industry as it was too big to have in houses.
Arkwright is known as the “father of factory”
Great Britain’s Advantage
Located near waterways
Helped with transportation, importation of goods AND steam power.
LOTS of rivers!
Mineral Resources - COAL!!
Coal powers the steam engine!
Access to resources in the colonies
Timber for ships
Capital (money)
Strongest navy
For protection in trade
Private Property Protections
The government could not take private property in GB, encouraging people to make businesses.
Increased population in urban areas.
Previously, the poor had lived in the “commons” . They were closed by the enclosure act and moved to cities to find jobs in cities like Manchester and Liverpool
Great Britain was the first place to industrialize on a large scale. Here is why:
Great Britain industrialized, spreading cheap cotton around the world and replacing Indian textile production. Other countries like Belgium, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan soon followed in industrialization. Each nation shared things like capital, natural resources, and water transportation.
France.
Industrialization in France was slow in the 1800s
French Revolution
Small Population (no one to work in factories)
Germany:
Slow
Split into numerous small states, but once unified in 1871, became massive producers of steel and coal.
US:
Industrialized by the 19th c. - by 1900 the leading industrial power in the world
Lots of human capital (workforce)
Immigrants from Europe
Migrants from rural areas.
Russia:
State sponsored industrialization
Focused on railroads
Trans-Siberian Railroad from Moscow to Pacific Ocean
Easy trade with E. Asia, China, Japan
Coal, Iron and Steel Industries
Most of economy remained agricultural, though, until 1917
Japan:
“Defensive Modernization”
Used new tech from US and Europe to protect traditional values.
Adopted things like European dress and weapons
Built up military and economy to protect itself.
Shipbuilding in India and SE Asia
GB Colonized this region in the late 17th and 18th centuries.
Historically, shipbuilding had been prominent in the region.
Mismanagement of resources and poor leadership by GB made the industry suffer.
Eventually, the British navy took control of this region ending Indian ship building.
Textile Production in India and Egypt
Two of the first places to trade in textiles.
British textiles were completing with Indian textile mills, and wanted to be cheaper
Taxed Indian textiles
Eventually, European textiles were so cheap, no one bought them from India or Egypt.
Iron works in India
GB Control also affected India's mineral production.
“Company Control” - When British East Indian company controlled India
High taxes made it difficult for Indians to mine and work metals resulting in mines being closed.
To prevent uprising, GB made the Arms Act of 1878 which limited Indian access to minerals and firearms.
India's mines were inactive for so long, people forgot they were even there.
As Europe industrialized, the position of the Middle East and Asia on the global market declined
5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age
Context: The First industrial Revolution led to increased access to resources and the increased distribution of the goods those resources helped create.
First Industrial Revolution: Steam engine, internal combustion engine, railroads, ships, factories
Second Industrial Revolution: Involved chemicals, the use of steel, precision machinery, electronics, and communication devices like the phone and radio.
The Coal Revolution
The switch to coal power symbolized a shift from most things being powered by man or animal, to most things being powered by fossil fuels.
The new Steam Engine by James Watt in 1765 was able to harness the power of coal to create steam which generated energy for machines in factories.
Within 50 years, steam was powering ships.
With steam power, factories no longer had to be near water.
Helped GB industrialize with the railroad
Water Transportation:
Steamships changed sailing.
Coal power could be used anywhere, on ships or trains.
Could be turned on and off
Could go up stream quickly
Was not dependant on wind
Largely replace wind sailing ships
Coaling stations pop up around the coasts for refueling.
Iron:
Coal allowed iron to manufactured
Iron was a huge improvement in the manufacturing process
The Second Industrial Revolution
19th and 20th Centuries - the developments in steels, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.
Steel Production:
Bessemer Process: Allowed iron and carbon to be combined to make steel - the strong and versatile backbone of industrial society
Oil:
New resource of energy from the mid 1800s
Fossil Fuel - Energy source derived from animal remains.
Results:
Kerosene to light lamps
Precision Machinery
Internal Combustion Engine
Automobile
Airplane
Electricity:
1882 the first public power station beings generating electricity.
Communications:
Alexander Graham Bell - Telephone
Guglielmo Marconi - Radio
Global Trade and Migration
Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development and communication possible.
Allowed for immediate communication
Transcontinental Railroad:
Connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in the US
Led to US Industrial growth
Allowed the vast resources of the US to be connected
US becomes economic powerhouse!
Railroads in general helped people move from rural to urban areas more easily
For the first time, farmers, manufacturers, miners, and customers domestically and internationally were all connected.
As countries like GB, Germany, and the US continued to industrialize:
They sought to protect their natural resources
Look for further natural resources (colonies)
Exploration was now possible not just in the coast but everything!
5.6 The Government’s role in Industrialization
Context: As industrialization spread, nations were faced with clashes between modernization and conservative traditions.
In some places, like Egypt, Japan, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire, the government encouraged and supported industrialization, even passing some laws to help industrialize.
In other places, like China, governments were too weak or corrupt to sponsor industrialization.
Context: The Ottoman empire did not adopt Western enlightenment ideas or technology, leaving them behind the rest of the Western world. Corruption led to decline, and nationalism spread unrest. As a result, the Ottoman Empire had become “the sick man of Europe” in the 19th c. and Russians were eager to expand into Ottoman territory.
Muhammad Ali in Egypt
Egypt was still part of Ottoman control, but functioned mostly independently.
Muhammad Ali took control of Egypt and made many changes without the Ottoman sultan’s permission.
Ali’s Reforms:
Westernizing the military
An official newspaper
Taxes the peasants
Controlled valuable cotton production in Egypt
Secularized Religious lands
Industrialized
Built textile factories
Built ships to create Navy
Despite the failures of the Ottoman Empire, Ali is known as the first great modern ruler of Egypt because of his vision of state-sponsored modernization
Context: After centuries (1600-1853) of isolation, Japan actively sought Western technologies and innovations to help it become equal to Western nations. During the Meiji Restoration, Japan was able to become a modern industrialized nation in less than half of a century due to state sponsored industrialization
Japanese Industrialization
Japan Confronts Foreigners
As countries like Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Russia industrialized they wanted to sell goods in Japan.
They also wanted to refuel in Japan when sailing from China.
In 1853 Matthew Perry demanded Japan trade with the US
Japan relented
Meiji Restoration
They realized they needed “Defensive Industrialization” after China was humiliated by the West
Adopt enough Western tech to protect its traditional culture.
Overthrew Shogun and gave the emperor power in 1868
Japan visited the US and Europe to study and implement reforms.
Abolished feudalism
Established constitutional monarchy
Established equality in law and fair punishment
Reorganized the army and made a navy
Created a new school system
Built railroads and roads
Subsidized industrialization
Adopted Western ideas of imperialism
Japanese people adopted Western military techniques and culture and some American styles of dress.
Japan rapidly grew economically
The problems of industrialization followed into Japan
The government played a major role in industrialization.
In some places like the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, industrialization was resisted.
In other places like Russia and Japan, government intervention was able to encourage industrialization.
In order to industrialize, these places had to adopt some cultural aspects of the West.
Private Investment in Japan:
While state sponsorship was important, private money was also key to industrialization.
In many industrial nations, including Japan, foreign investment (money) was important to growth.
In Japan, businesses were sold to zaibatsu, or powerful family businesses in Japan.
Investors encourage industrialization.
For example, in 1906 a company called the Toyoda Loom Works
They made the automatic loom.
Eventually became Toyota Motor Company.
5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations
Context: As global trade and communication increased, mercantilist policies (extreme government control of the economy) were replaced by a laissez-faire (“leave alone”) policy that encouraged minimal government involvement in trade.
Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations established support for capitalism and private ownership around the industrial world.
Effects of Industrialization on Business Organization
Traditional Forms of Business Ownership:
A sole (single) business owner
A small group of people who make business decisions
Negatives:
Single owners took lots of risks when starting a business.
If they failed, they were the only person to lose.
Corporations:
Business chartered by a government
Owned by numerous stock holders
Stockholders are paid when corp makes money
Positives: If corp loses money, stockholders are okay (Limited liability). Lots of people lose a little, instead of one person losing a lot.
Very economically and politically powerful
Monopolies:
Strong corporations that control and industry
Eliminate competition
Krupp steel in Germany
Rockefeller oil in US
Supporters of laissez-faire economics did not like monopolies, as they controlled the natural market
Transnational Companies:
Companies that operate across national boundaries
Gained wealth and influence on a scale never before seen.
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation:
British owned bank opened in the colony of Hong Kong in 1865
Finance, corporate investment, and banking
One of the first international banks
Helped finance trade a grow the global economy
De Beers Diamonds
Transnational corporation
Cecil Rhodes was an investor in the trans-African railroad
Goal to connect all British colonies in Africa.
Would be helpful in time of war
Project was never completed
GB didn’t own all of the land they needed.
The railroads that were built were built by African natives.
Cheaper labor
Railroads used to take as many native resources as possible
Unilever Corporation:
British and Dutch venture
Made soap in Australia, Switzerland, and US
Took palm oil for soap from British West Africa and Congo (another example of corporations mining resources from colonies)
Effects of Industrialization on Mass Culture
Consumerism
A rise in living standards meant the average person was buying more
Advertisement
To keep up with competition, companies began to advertise their product to the middle class
Middle class has money for non essential items.
Leisure Activities
Riding bicycles
Wanted to escape from harsh reality of factories
Growth of Sports
Companies encouraged participation in sports
Play by the rules!
Self-discipline
Sales of equipment made manufacturers money
Soccer (Europe) and baseball (US) became popular pastimes
Sports developed along class lines
Tennis/golf = rich
Rugby = lower class
Material Goods/Entertainment
Factories were rough. Wanted entertainment in free time
Building of Event Spaces - Public culture
Parks
Event Halls
Upper, middle, and lower classes mingled together
5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy
Context: Harsh conditions in places like coal mines and factories encouraged people to push for reforms.
Social Reform
Alternative views of society
Workers unions
Government sponsored reform
Reform Movements
Labor Unions
People knew reforms needed to happen because of dangerous, unsanitary working conditions, low wages, and long hours.
Unions formed
Organizations of workers advocating for the right to bargain with employer
Right to a contract
Government treated unions as enemies of trade
Unions wanted
Minimum wage
Limits of work hours
Overtime pay
5 day work week
Voting Rights
GB expanded voting access in 1832, 1867, 1884.
Lowered amount of property white men needed to vote.
All men could vote by 1918 in GB
All women by 1928
Child Labor
1843 - Children under age of 10 can’t work in coal mines
1881 - Education becomes mandatory for British children
Focus on education changes the role of children
Intellectual Reaction
Utopian Socialists offered new visions of society
John Stuart Mill:
Laissez-faire capitalism was inhuman to laborers
Wanted labor unions, limits to child labor, safe working conditions
Utilitarianism - “The greatest good for the greatest number of people”
Moderate, rational, gradual reform
Utopians wanted to replace capitalism, utilitarians wanted to fix the problems that existed.
Karl Marx: - Offered ALTERNATIVE views of society!
German scholar and author who wanted socialism
Wrote “Communist Manifesto”
Capitalism is basically feudalism because some are rich and some are poor
Proletariat = working class (poor)
Bourgeoisie = middle class and upper class - investors who owned machinery and factories
Bourgeoisie always exploited proletariat
Under Socialism, social classes would not exist
Proletariat would take control of means of production
Wealth would be shared equally
Ottoman Response to Industrialization
By the mid-1800’s the Ottomans were still very behind in terms of industrialization.
In 1826, Sultan Mahmud II finally made some reforms
Abolished Janissaries
Made new military trained by Europeans
Abolished feudal