Untitled Flashcards Set

Lecture 12

Crustaceans

• Phylum - arthropoda

• Subphylum - crutacea

• 5 classes of crustacea

  • Branchicopada

  • Ostracoda

  • Copepoda

  • Cirripedia

  • Malacostraca

• Decapod body features ( anatomy)

  • 8 thoracic and 6 abodominl segments all bearing appendages but only 5 pairs each referred to as proper legs → decapods ( thorax-walking legs)

  • Pereiopods: abdomen- swimming legs/ pleopods

  • Distinct telson

  • Uropods are the appendices of the final abdominal segment

• A handful of species dominate crustaceasn aquaculture

  • A single species accounts for more than half of the total production 52.9%

    • Penaeus vannamei

  • Total = 9 million metric toned ( compared to 54 cm mt for fish and 17 m mt for mollusks)

  • Marine and brakis shrimps and pawns account for > ¾ of total production

  •  The remainder are FW crustaceans ( mainly a single species Procambarus but also other crayfish and acrobrachium giant FW/BW prawns)

• Commonly cultured marine crab series

  • Chinese mitten crab accounts for 8% - Mariculture

    • Produced in shanghai area and korea

    •  Anadromous ( breeds in brackish water, gravid females migrate to freshwater, larvae hatch in FW, adults can live in fully marine and brackish water)

    • Invasive species in US and Europe

• Most commonly cultured freshwater crustacean

  • Red swamp crayfish  accounts for 18%

    • Native to southern US

    • Economical and cultural importance in Southeastern US

    • Produced mostly in extensive aquaculture

    •  Suitable for polyculture with rice

• Commonly cultured FW/BW prawn series

  • Giant tiger prawn

    • Named for large size and banded tail

    • Only produced in asia

    • Tolerate a wide range of salinity ( FW - BW) but often shortages of wild broodstock

    • Captive breeding is very difficult and hatchery survivals are low ( <25%)

• Mariculture

  • Western white-leg shrimp 

    • 53% of all crustaceans

    •  Stocked at small sizes and uniform growth rate

    • Breeds in captivity better than P. monodon

    • Hatchery survival are high

    • Native yto central america, some captive stocks of p. Vannamei are pathogen free and resistant to known pathogen

Lecture 13

Crustecean Aquaculture

• Werstern white leg shrimp

  • Produced most

  • Most of it comes aquaculture

  • Selected over time to be aquaculture because its easier to culture

• Life cycle of Penaeid Shrimp

  • Life cycle involves migration between brackish water ( lagoons), to mangroves ( freshwater mix)

    • Mixing of water

  • As adults they migrate to the ocean and that is where they reproduce

    • Males produce sperm, females produce eggs to fertilize them

    • Fertilize eggs → Nauplius Larva→Zoea larva→Mysis larva→ postlarva→juvenile→adult

      • Nauplius- free swimming larva, carried by the current along the coast

        • Thats how the populations of shrimp find new area

        • Ocean

        • Hatchery-indoor, little space

        • Survives on yolk; no feeding they already have the yolk they live on

          • If you add food, you can degrate the water quality 

      • Zoea- exo skeleton starts developing, bigger body but still small, still moting in water

        • Ocean

        • Hatchery

        • Feeds on algal cells (phyloplankton)

      • Mysis- first stage where they start looking like shrimp, seperation from the front body covered by a piece of skeloton

        • Large enough and heavy enough to develop strong legs that can swm against currents

        • Swim into areas that rich in foods- mangrove, coastal lagoons

          • Areas that receive alot of light, plankton, algae growth

        • Spend most of their life there, they grow, mold, feed, grow, molf .. etc

        • Ocean

        • Hatchery

        • Feeds on zooplankton ( typically brine shrimp nauplii (yolk))

      • Postlarva- they migrate away from the costa areas and migrate back into the ocean

        • Mangroves

        • Nursery- larger ponds, a little brakish

        • Feeds on brine shrimp and prepared feeds

      • Juvenile

        • Ocean

        • Grow-out-ponds are bigger than nursesy, full strength seawater

      • Adult- once they reach sexual maturity the cycle is done and starts all ove

        • Ocean

        • Grow-out

• Brine shrimp form cysts in summer when temp is high in the lakes

  • An egg surrounde by a hard shell

  •  Metabolism goes down, need no oxygen at that point

  • Buoyancy is lighter than water so they float above water

• Artemian are collected by capture fisheries of their cyst as aquaculture hatchery feed

  • They are being dried and canned

    • They can sit like that for two years

      • You can store for extended periods of time, then when you need them you can put them in the water and the larva from brine shrimp will hatch

  • Artemia cysts represent an extremely hardy dominant stage

  • $25/1 pound can

  • Great salt lake salinity = salinity = 150g/kg (ppt) = 15% of salt in water

  • Aka sea monkeys

Lecture 14

Crawfish

• U.S Crawfish Industry

  • French acadians were driven out of Nova Scotia by the British in the mid 1700s

    • French originally in northern America ( canada), they migrated south and they ended up in the Southeast of the US

      • Where the bayou was at

    • In france, consuming crayfish was common, so when they settled they were a lot of of crayfish in the area

    • Cajun: acadian

  • Important for aquaculture in the US

  • These Cajuns settle d for the fertile lands of southern louisiana

  • Consumption of crawfish became a cultural tradition

  • Crawfish is the preferred common name of crayfish in louisiana

    • Crawfish refers to one species of crayfish ( the red one who is used commonly )

• Louisiana accounts for ~85% of the US Crayfish production

  • %50 million dollar industry

  • Capture fishery: 40%

    • There was no management involve

  • Aquaculture starting in the 1960s = 60%

    • Extensive form of aquculture

• Crayfish aquctculture is mostly extensive ( ponds, no supp., feeds or fertilizer)

  • Shallow open pond areas vary from 2 to 16 ha ( LA,TX)

  • Pond depth is generally 30-60 cm but deeper in areas with hot summers

  •  Ponds have to be located near a source of good quality surface or well water

  •  Water hardness = ~100 +/- ( calcium needed) Do ( dissolved oxygen) > 3 ppm

    • Calcium is important because of their exo skeleton that is made of calcium carbonate

    • Saturated oxygen= 6-8 ppm

      • < 5 ppm - limit for most fish

      • 3 ppm - crayfish dont really depend on ith that much

      • 2 ppm- hypoxia

    • Ppm = part/ million

      • 1 part  of  O2 in 1,000,000 parts of H2O

      • 0.00001%

  • Grow-out 10 cmlength, 20-50 gramps) in 3 to 6 months

  • They are ominivores

    • they eat plants and meats

    • They feed on dead rotting organish material

• Crayfish are omnivores →efficient use of resources→extensive aquaculture is ecologically sustainability 

• Crawfish buid burrows at certain times of the year

  • Two reasons for retretaing to burrows

    • Protection from heat and drought

    • Reproduction

  • June- september - they tend to retreat to burrows because the outside is too warm for them

    • Reproduction happens during summer months

      • It can alos happen in the winter

• Crayfiosh reproduction

  • eggs -laying typically occurs in borrows ( hence dying of ponds to stimulate reproduction)

  • Eggs are attached to the swimmerets of the female by glair

    • Gravid - females cary fertile eggs

  • Eggs hatch in about 3 week at water temperature of 20 degrees C

    •  2 natural reproduction cycles/ year: spring and fall

• What are the two advantage of each methods?

  • Single crop crayfish pond ( monoculture)

    • You dont have to drain your ponds

    •  You have two harvest and breeding seasons because waters always floods

  • Polyculture crayfish/ rice double cropping

    • You have to drain the pond for the rice

    • Can produce as many crawfish as mono

    • A lot  more managemnt

• Either monoculture or polyculture with rice

  • Two species dominate crayfish harvest in the US

    • 1. Red swamp crawfish - 85%

    • 2. White river crawfish - 15%

  • Baited trap harvest ( both fishery and aquaculture)

    • Three-funnel pyramind trap made from ¾ inch mesh PVC-coated wire

    • The~2.0cm size commonly used to construct the traps allows escaped of crayfish less than ~ 8 cm in length

• Crayfish traps- two harvest methods

  • Density = 25 - 20 traps-

  • Walking a pond = 400 traps/day

  • Cajun cadillac (=motorized boat) 200-300 traps/hour

• Crayfish distribution

  •  Distributed in live form

  •  Sacked distribution in onion sacks with ¼ mesh; 35 lbs/sack

  • Storage at 4-7 C degrees from5 days without ecxecessive mortality

    • Slows downs any biochemical reaction

      • They start moving less so they start hurting each other less and do not need that much oxygen 

  •  Turned once a day, stacked no more than 3 stacks high

    • There wouldnt be an even amount of oxygen, mechanical pressure, and crushing

Lecture 15

• Ornamental fish

  • Fastest growing aquaculture segment 

  • US Market consumes 60 % of all ornamental fish production

    •  Followed by Western Europe, Japan, Taiwan, and Australia

  • Households with pets ( 100%) data for UK, US, Australia

    • 10% FW

    • 0.8% Marine

  • Depending on what species your culturing, it can be quite valuable

    • Usually one specie maybe trendier than the other fishes

  • Fish as pets are popular because they are not the depend on human help due to the technology we have today 

  • RAS

    • Recirculating aquaculture systems

    • Refers to the fact the water you are using is being recycle

    • You su[pply a system with high quality water, once the water has been used from waste, it is recycled

    • Pumped out of tank and replaced with clean water

    •  Treated with various filter stages to be used again

    • Used to keep fish in small water systems

  • Freshwater System aquarium

    • Pump for recirculation

    • Filters ( Mechanical ( traps large particles), Biological ( bacteria that grow on subtrates that large surface ares), Chemical ( remove all the waste)

    • Temperature heaters

      • Most freshwater used in the market are tropical fish

      • We need to increase the temperature for fish

      • Warm water more easier to manage

    • Airpump -airstone

      • Generates bubbles to oxygenta the water 

    • Lighting

      • Promote plant growth

      • To see the fish clearly

  • Marine system aqaurium

    • Salinity management

      • 30-35 ppt

      • Corrosion can be an issue because of the salt

    • Lighting

      • More intense

      • The fish are used to more intense sunlight to mimic natural environment

      • There are certain wavelengths that need to be produced

    • Protein skimmer

      • A film collects in the surface made out of organic material

        • Comes from food remain, feces, and other rottening material

        • Lighter than density of water

        • Effects the exchange of oxygen into the water

      • Salinity makes the protein precipitate 

        • Solvent capacity of water is lower in the sea water 

      • Sump 

        • Additional tank that keep the biological filter 

• Ornamental fish are very lucrative because its a big market

  • Opportunities for development of breeding in captivity for many species

• Several ornamental species are subject to extreme artificial selection (--> rapid domestication)

  • For eacxmple: guppies, goldfish, Koi fish

• Sebra fish are major model for miodemical rserreach ( developmenta biology)

  • Cichilids → evolutionary nio

• 90% of all Fw fish are produce by aquaculture

  • 10 % capture fisheries ) south an centra america and soyjtheeast asia, africa

  • 10 % of all marine ornamental  are produce in aquaculture

  • 90% capture fisheries ( southeast asia)

• Advantage of fish raised in aquculture

  •  Fish are accustomed to people and handling

  •  Offspring are easier to rear since they acclimatized to captivity

  •  Fish are always young and age is known

  •  Fisha re alread used ina aquarium life

  •  Shipping stress and diatneces are less

  •  Fish are healthy

  • Relief  of pressure on wild populations

    •  Marine ornamentals

      •  Most marine ornamental and captures from coral reefs and nearby habitatsiMost ornamental marine fish are caught by capture fisheries in reefs

      • Top exporter: philippines, indonesia

      • US exports from Hawaii and Florida

      • Aqucuture efforts in Florida

• Impact of public media on deman for ornamental fish

  • The nemo effect = paradoxical phenomenon of public media glorifying a particular species abnd apparently promoting its conservation, which the leads to a sharp rised in publick interest and increase demand  for the species leading to greater exploitation in its native habitat or release into non-native habitat

Lecture 16

Ornamental aquaculture

• Why is cyanide poisoning  a common method even though its illegal in most countries ( indonesia, phillipnes, malaysia, Thailand)

  • Because the supply chain for ornamental marine fish has many intermediate distributors and it is often impossible to track where the fish had been originally collected → this supply chain issue represents a major challenge for the ornamental marine fish trade

• Alaternative to capture fisheries

  • Aquaculture: Huge potential for future growth

    • Only about 10% of marine species are currently being culture

    • Evene fewer are commeroially feasible currently

    • ORA ( Ocean reefs and aquarium ) is the largest producer in North America

    • ORA is closed-circulation, intensive RAS

• Anemonefish aquaculture has been propelled by the Nemo movies

  • ORA clownfish aquaculture: separation of developmental stages

    • 1. Brood stock tans for reporductions 

      • Min 1.5-2 years age 

    • 2. Larval culture

      • Larvae hatch from fertilized eggs and use up yolk sac quickly

      •  Marine green algae used as a food source

      •  Separate algal culture are run in the same facility

      •  Larvae are grown to about 1 cm and transferred to larger tanks

    • 3. Growout, phase 1 

      • `Larger,circular tanks are used for growout phase 1 

      • Circular tanks permit good water movement that stimulates  currents in natural habitat

      •  Brine shrimp used for feeding also weaning to formulale flake food

    • 3. Growout, phase 2

      • Larger raceways are being used that permit stronger water currents to foster muscle development

      •  Training to feed on formula flake on pellet food

      •  Growout to market size (shipment to pet stores) Ca. 4 - 6 months

Lecture 17

Common Carp

• Withstand temp optimum : 20 – 33 C

• Survives  4 C ( overwintering , metabolic depression, Q10 effect)

  • They dont swim alot, breath, or eat alot to survive the cold temperature

  • As temperature increases, they start moving more

  • Important adaptation to the environment they live in

  • Since their arent alot of plants because lack of light, there isnt a lot of oxygen in the water

• Tolerates low oxygen levels but optimal growth at > 3 ppm do ( dssolved oxygen)

• Algal crashes and resulting  complete oxygen depurations in grow-out ponds are a common  cause of carp mortalities

• Grow fstates in the summer

• Central Nother souther Asia

  • They are subjected to extreme weather fluctuations

• Eutrophication

  • The nutrients in the system

  • You can add nutrients to the ponds, to help carps grow more

  • Side effects: because you have alot of fertilizer there is a lot of carp waste, which can cause mass mortality because there is crashes in the system

  • Too many nutrients = large fluctuations = they incerease and decrease= concentration of oxygen usually drops at night time

  • Mass production of oxygen during the day 

  • More algae in a system = the more oxygen is being consumed duringthe night time 

  • Carp ponds use aerators to introduced certain amount of oxygen 

    • Only used in certain times of the day 

    • Turn them on early in the early morning and in the second time at night just when oxygen levels are about to drop

• Carp reproduction

  • Collection of eggs and milt for artificial fertlization

    • Gentle pressure to the abdomen andd squeeze their gametes into a bucket

    • Transfer eggs into an indoor hatchery

      • Glass jars that con hold eggs

      • Water is introduced from the bottom is to keep the eggs suspended 

        • Avoid mechanical issue and oxygen problems9 distribution)

      • After fertilization, they are treated with a saline solution that removes a layer from the egg that is sticky

    • Larval hatchery

      • Eggs are incubated in upwelling jars for 3-3.5 days at 24 C

        • Best temp, because they develop fast and least septiple to pathogens

      • Takes about a week to absorb the yolk, dont need to feed them

      • Develop an air bladder inflates and swimmin starts ( free swimming)

• Transport to larva pond

• They start being fed cause they dont have the yolk sack anymore

• Can do indoor and outdoor hatchery

  • Outdoor faliccities, treat them and use quickline to increase Ph to kill anything left over like prdators

  • Dry them and fill them again

  • Can use bleach

• Grow ponds

  • Ponds are heavily fertilize for supplemanntal feeding

  • Most likely to go through eutraphication so keep an eye on it

  • Mostly monooculture

  •  You go from extensive to semi-intensive 

• Natural spawning ( Dubisch Method)

  • Use small ponds that are covered with pant material

  • Put male and females together at a certain age

  • Feed them well for their gondas

  •  Females lay egss, and male fertlize eggs

  •  Transport eggs to a larva pond

• Common carps are omnivores

  • Different stains have different genomes, can breed them to keep these genomes

  •  Some are bread for aquaculture prefercences

  • They feed on everything, easy to keep 

Grass carps

• They are herbivores

  • Makes them more difficult to manage

  •  You have to taylo their food

  • They grow faster than normal carp

  • Theire meat quality is higher than the common carps

  • Can eat several times their body weight in plant material

    • Can help clean up euratrophication

• Grass carps grinding apparatus teeth

  • Grinding surfater for tough plant material

Silver carp

• Herbivores

  • Feed on microscope small plants

  • Fine meshed gill rakers

  • Gills have fish breather through gas exchange 

    • Acis base regulation

    •  Nitrgenous waste extrcretion

    • Osmoregulation\

  • Silver carp had evolved these fine gill rakers that form a mesh like rake to trap their food

    • They are filter feeders

    • Food transports to the intestines

Bighead carps

• Omnivorous fish/ they feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton an or pellets

• Fourtm most import carp species

•  Very fast growing

•  Nativeto Asia

•  Highly invasive species in the US

Lecture 18

• Carps

  • Feed on different things

    • Omnivores: Common carp, bighead carp

    • hervibores : Grass carp, silver carp

    • carnivorous

• Black carp

  • Carnivores

    • Difficult to keep in aquaculture 

    • Depend on other animals

• Carp polyculture

  • All consumers  but more complete use if food resources

  • Consumers 

    • Carnivores., hervivpres, omnivores

    • Produce organics materials

    • Organic material extcreted are taken by the decomposers and used as food and give off inorganic material

  • Decomposers

    • Excretes inorganic material that is given producers

  • Procedures

    • Take up inorganic material and excrete organic material 

  • Have to combine all of them to have a balanced system 

  • Organic materials

    • Can only be produced by organism

      • Some organic compounds can be synthetically

  • inorganic material

• Polyculture: rice- fish

  • Advantages

    •  Rice production improved 

    •  Additional source of protein and or revenue 

    • More sustainable, less waster

  • Disadvantages

    • Not useful with high yielding, short stem rice varieties needing shallow water

    •  Not useful with multiple rice cropping; fish growth limited

    • Need to provide refuges during rice field drainage

    •  Limited use of common insecticides and herbicides 

• Rice-Azolla-Fish aquaculture

  • Azolla is an aquatic fern ( duckward) that floats on the water surface

  • It can assimilate atmospheric nitrogen owing ti the nitrogen fixations by symbiotic cynobacteria ( blue green alga) living in cavities of Azolla leafs

  • Less nitrogen fertlizer is needed for rice fields

  • Only as much nitrogen is assimilated as is needed ( no excess fertlizer)

  • Convert nitrogen in air into nitrates ( nitrogen conventionally bonded to oxygen)

    • Be used as nutrient for plant for growth

    • The leaves can be fed on by carps

    •  Dont need to fertlize rice fields as much

• Catfish 

  • They have barbels, not whiskers

    • Long extension for sensory purposes

    • Pick up food and detect it

  • Mostly omnivores feed on dead things on the floor

  • Catfish culture in the US

    • An important US aquaculture industry

    • Used mostly in the mid souther states, alabama

    • Well established lobby for supporting the catfish industry in the US

    • Most of the production takes place in Mississippi

    • History and infrastructure

      • Sport  fishing hatcheries

      • There is a decline in catfish production and consumption in the US

        • Theres is another species of catfish being consumed; Panagsius

          • Can be bigger, produced better and faster, meat quality better

          • People tend to prefer this than normal catfish

          • Fish is mostly produced in Asia

  • Nursey pond

    • Outdoors

    •  Smaller

    • Juveniles

      • More susceptible to pathogens

  • Grow-out pond

    • Outdoors

    • Grow out another  year or halve a year

    • Size is compromised as mangaebiliuty and growing capacity

    • Ponds canot be too big

  • Hatchery

    • Mostly indoor for bio security

      • Less susceptible to disease, bacteria, and pathogens

    • 26 C degrees

    •  Recirculating systems are often used

    • Eggs hatch in ~ 7 days

• First developmental stage : Adult broodstock → gametes ( eggsa nd spem) → fertilize eggs 

• Fetilize eggs → larva → yolk sac larva ( filled with nutrients that is used the first two week of their lives) → Fry ( dont have yolk, have to start feeding them) → fingerling stage ( look like actual catfish)  ( transported to nursery ponds)--> Subadults  ( they usually are harvested and used for production) ( fish oil or fish meal) → broodstock fish

• Catfish nutrition and feeds

  • Formulated feed are used for grow out

  •  Typically floating pellets are used yo be observe the feeding activity of the fish

• Catfish harvest

  • Harvest size : about a meter

  • Used metal buckets operated by cranes

  •  Shipped live to trucks, aeration in the trucks

  •  The water is being recirculated in the containers in the trucks

  • They are process in a processed facility 

Lecture 19

• Salmonids ( trout, salmon)

  • Mostly Atlantic Salmon and Rainbow Trout TOP AQUACULTURE

  • Umpbrella terms for species that include salmon, trouts

    • Oncorhynchus

      • Pacific salmon - oncorhynchus

      • Rainbow trout - oncoryhynchus mykiss

        • They stay  in FW

        • There is migratory form of rainbow trouts that go into the ocean that are called steelhead trouts

      • North American species

    • Salmo

      • Atlantic salmon - Salmo Salar

      • Brown trout - Salmo Trutta

      • European species

• Trout Aqauaculture

  • Cultured exclusive in FW

    • The fish are smaller and the cost will be lower because you have one production system

      • Its easier to maintain

  • Non-adandromous form = Rainbow trout

    • Native range = westen North America, fresh water streams

    • Weight maturity  1 -2 kg have been introduced to many parts of the world

  • Farming

    •  FW hatchery and growout

    •  Optimum temperature for growth  ~ 15 C

  • Idaho is the top state produces

    • All the lake river waters are high quality which are require to raise the fish 

    • Use spring water for their production

    • Inexpensive cause you dont have to worry about the water supply

    • Plenty sup[ply of FW and has the optimaal temp of 15 c because of the geothermal warming of spring water

  • Anadromus form = Steelhead trout

    • Regionally variable spending < 1-4 yr in seawater

    • Weight at maturity 200 g to 20 kg  ( up to 10X larger than resident form)

  • Farming 

    • Look upl slides

  • Maind development states of rainbow trouts

    • Early embryo

    • Late embryo

    •  Yolk sac larvae

    •  Fry

    •  Fingerling

    •  Juvenile

    •  Adult

  • Aquaculture

    •  Spawning, hatching/fry ( indoor) growout( outdoor)

    • 1. Spawning broodstock

      • Spawning indoors with ohotercopoid control enables year -round gondal maturation

      • Hand striping of eggs and seprm ;artificial fertilization

      • Eggs are incubated in vertical flow incubators ( upwelling jars)

    • 2. Hatching 

      • One week to hatching afte transfer to pupwelling jars

        • Yolk- sac larvae reach “swim up”/ fry stage in ~ 2 weeks when the yolk sac has been resorbed, swimbladder inflated, and fry start feeding

      • Fry are transferred to small indoor raceways

        • Trout will be `3 “ long after growing ~ 2 months in indoor race ways

      • At 2 months of age their immune system is fully developed and they are moved to outdoor raceways

    • 3. Grow-out

      • Outdoor raceways

      •  Grow-out period takes 8 months

      •  Raceways take advantage of spring water and topography → discharge into snake river

      • Harvest weight = 10– 14 oz