Unit 4: Articulation and Resonance
Articulation
Primary role is mastication (chewing) and deglutition (swallowing)
Secondary purpose is speech sound production
Articulation; bringing mobile and imobile articulators together to shape the vocal tract for speech sound production
Mobile articulators;
Jaw
Lips
Tongue
Soft palette (velum)
Cheeks
pharynx
Immobile
Hard palette
Teeth
Nasal cavity
Alveolar ridge
Depends on air supply and phonation
Resonance and articulatory system is the final step to produce sound
Source- Filter Theory
Moving the articulators changes size and shape of vocal tract, which changes how the tract filters sound (how sound resonates)
this alters the frequency of the sound created by phonation, which results in different speech sounds
Source; something that generates sound, begins vibration (vocal folds is sound source)
Filter; frequencies that we produce pass through series of shapers (vocal tract)
Natural Resonance; frequency at which something vibrates best
pharynx + oral cavity + nasal cavity = linked resonating cavities
Bones
Bones of cranium and facial skeleton are joined by synovial joints
Ossification sutures typically continues into childhood
Major bones of skill share names with lobes beneath them
Temporal Bone(behind ear);
External acoustic meatus; connects to ear canal
Is a paired bone
Has landmarks
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Zygomatic process (makes up cheek bone)
Auditory meatus
Sphenoid Bone(temple in middle of head);
3 pairs of processes
Greater wing; big wing on edges
Lesser wing; skinnier wing on top
Pterygoid process; two little things hanging on bottom
Occipital Bone(lower behind near nape of neck);
Foramen magnum; big hole that allows for central nervous system to exit
Brainstem exits and transitions into spinal cord
jEthmoid bone(behind bridge of nose, plate comes down into nose);
Makes up part of nasal cavity
Acts like a boundary between nasal cavity and cranial cavity
Cribriform plate separates thensal and cranial cavity
Perpendicular plate comes down to make up septum (divide nasal cavity into right and left halves)
Covered with mucosal lining
Has many groves that allow nerves to go through (olfactory nerve)
Make up nasal concha
gMandible;
Lower jaw
Temporomandibular (TMJ-synovial); allows for hinging (rotation) and gliding (translation)
Condylar process;
Articulates with skill at mandibular fossa of temporal bone
Only place movement is supposed to occur
Body is jaw line
Angle is pint
Ramus is where it angles back up to ear
Alveolar processes
Help to anchor teeth into jaw
Formamina
Mental and mandibular
Little holes under front teeth
Allow for trigeminal nerve to pass through the mandible (innervates lots of muscles that move jaw)
Maxillae;
Left and right (paired, fused at midline) make up roof of your mouth, hard palate and nasal walls (has height to it)
Barrier between oral cavity and nasal cavity
Makes up about ⅔ of the roof of the mouth
Upper alveolar ridge
Important for articulation for speech
Produce consonants
Zygomatic process connects to zygomatic bone (cheek bone)
Palatine process
Frontal process (up towards nose)
Palatine process
Makes up rest of hard palate in the back (poster 1/3)
Nasal Cavity
Defined by nasal bones;
maxilla and palatine bones
Ethmoid,
helps to make up nasal concoi, nasal plate makes up nasal septum
Vomer
Makes up posterior inferior part of septum
Cartilage
Makes tip of nose
Elastic cartilage
Nasal Conchae;
Ridges alongside the septum
Creates more surface
Lined with mucous cover
Blood supply
Superior(part of ethmoid)
Middle(part of ethmoid)
Inferior (is own separate bone, articulates with maxilla and palatine)
Meatus between conchae
fZygomatic Bone(cheek);
Connects with maxillae, and frontal bone and temporal bone
Zygomatic arch (temporal process)
Zygomatic process of temporal bone
dLacrimal Bone
Paired bone
Tiny forms part of eye socket
Right behind nose
Dentition
Break down food, articulation
Teeth are held in place within alveolar process of maxilla and mandible
Thickest part of teeth is the enamel on occlusal (bite) surface
Part of teeth that are above gumline is crown
Below gumline is roots
Four types of teeth
Insciosrs
chisel / spade shape
Four on top, four on bottom
cutting/Shred food
Cuspids/canine
Single cusp or point
tearing/Shredding food
Bicuspids
Grinding food
2 cusps, 1-2 roots
Molars
Chewing and Grinding food
4-5 cusps, 2-3 roots
Also used to produce speech sounds
Successional or permanent teeth replace smaller deciduous teeth when they fall out
10 teeth in deciduous
16 teeth in permanent adult arches
Superadded teeth are present in permanent, but were not present in baby set
Bicuspids and third molar
Order of teeth
Central incisors (front teeth)
Lateral incisors
Canine (most pointed teeth)
First Premolar
Second premolar
Three molars
Third molar (wisdom teeth)
The center of dental arch is between two central incisors, serves as reference point for anatomical direction terms used to describe dentition
Find midline, runs between two central incisors
When move away from midline; distal direction
When move toward; medial
Labial teeth; in contact with lips (runs from canine to canine)
Buccal teeth; touching cheek (bicuspids and molars)
Lingual side; toward inside, touch tongue
Occlusion refers to how upper and lower teeth come together, proper occlusion is needed for mastaction and articulation
Upper and lower dental arch have same amount of teeth but teeth in upper are slightly larger
Class 1 occlusion (neutroclusion) when first mandibular molar is ½ tooth ahead of first maxillary molar
Natural overbite
Maloclusion (atypical), when mandible and maxilla do not align
Class 1; molars aligned correctly but anterior teeth oriented typically
Class 2; first mandibular molar aligned with or retracted behind first maxillary molar (wayy over bite)
Class 3; first mandibular molar more than ½ tooth ahead of first maxillary molar (underbite)
Atypical orientation of individual teeth;
Torsiversion = twisted/rotated on long axis
Labioversion = tilted toward the lips
Linguoversion = tilted toward the tongue
Buccoversion = tilted toward the cheeks
Distoversion = tilted away from midline
Mesioversion = tilted toward midline
Infraversion = insufficient eruption(doesn’t meet bottom teeth)
Supraversion = erupted too far (too far back, not on same line)
Dental arches can have extra teeth (supernumerary)
Teeth that are smaller (microdontia)
Persistent open bite is when front teeth don’t touch
Persistent closed bite when anterior teeth prevent molars from contact
**Cavities of Vocal Tract
Source filter theory describes how the change in size and shape of vocal tract leads to production of different speech sounds
Change in pharyngeal, nasal, and oral cavity changes VF resonance
Changing resonance produces different speech sounds
Multiple Pharynxs of Pharyngeal Cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngeal pharynx
Eustachian tube
connects nasopharynx to the middle ear
Normally closed, but opens during swallowing
From infant to adult, changes angle
Velum
Extends out from the palatine bone
Creates separation between the oropharynx and nasopharynx
Move up and down, comprised of muscle
Most english sounds require some degree of velopharyngeal closure
Only three nasal sounds m, n, ng
Produced when velum is lowered which closes nasal resonance
Velopharyngeal port= open velum= lowered nasal resonance (nasals)
Velopharyngeal port= closed velum= raised no nasal resonance (all other speech sounds)
Boundaries within oral cavity- fauces
Anterior and posterior faucial pillars
Continuous with soft palate
Palatine tonsils lie between them
Sensory cells on pillars that set of swallow reflex
Walderyers ring= ring of lymphoid tissue (fight infection)
Includes palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, and pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Boundaries of nasal cavity
Maxilla and palatine bones (floor of nasal cavity)
Nasal bone and medial division= nasal septum (defined by vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, cartilaginous septum)
Nares- nostrils, anterior boundary of nasal cavity
Nasal choanae- posterior boundary of nasal cavity
Lined with mucous membrane (layer of epithelium and connective tissue that creates interface between body cavities and outside world-protection and lubrication)
Oral Cavity
Bounded anteriorly and laterally by teeth, bounded posteriorly by anterior faucial pillar
Buccal cavity; space between the teeth lips and cheeks
Sound produced in vocal tract usually exists via the mouth
Posterior pharyngeal wall (middle pharyngeal constrictor)
Rugae (on hard palate); lateral ridges behind upper incisors
Median raphe; line dividing halves of hard palate
A- central incisors
B- hard palate
C- canine
D- uvula (velum-soft palate)
E- posterior pharyngeal wall
F- molars
G- molars
H- molars
I- premolars
J- premolars
K- lateral incisor
L- posterior faucial pillar
M-palatine tonsils
N- anterior faula pillar
O- tongue
Muscles
3 of most important articulators are;
Lips (moved by facial muscles which flexibly control)
Tongue (comprised of muscle, moves with mandible and hyoid)
Velum (mainly muscle, separates oral and nasal cavities)
DIVA Theory (Directions into Velocities of Articulators)
Neural Network model that describes speech acquisition and speech production
Maps out top down process with speech (feed forward control system)
We have plan of what we want to say, help motor complex create sounds
Plan gets sent to motor cortex, areas correspond with muscles, sent to cerebellum to refine motor movements
Feedback process that we engage in
Once sound leaves lips we go to auditory cortex and pickup on errors
Sound feeds back into motor cortex to fix sounds
Somatosensory loop
Feel sound production error
Meant to produce one sound but produced a different sound, we can feel that
Lips
Lips and cheeks are composed of muscular, glandular(cuboidal epithelial, salivary glands, helps to make food soft and return into bolus) and adipose tissue (fat)
Lined externally by epithelium and internally by mucous membrane
Transparent epithelial tissue shows the rich vascular/blood supply to the lips
Columella; underside of nasal septum
Vermillion zone; transition between lip skin that is exposed and internal skin of lips
Cupids bow; heart shape of top lip
Philtrum; space between upper lip and nose, divot
Nasolabial fold; smile line that runs from corner of nose to lip
Elevators
Orbicularis Oris;
Main muscle of lips
Sphincter like that surrounds opening of the mouth
Helps move lips forward and back, close lips
Many muscles insert into orbicularis and influence its actions
Origin; fibers encircle lips, modiolus
Insertion; facial midline
Action; compresses lips together, forward and back
Innervation; facial
Risorius (smile muscles- straight line towards cheeks from corners of mouth);
Inserts into corners of mouth and is able to retract lips laterally
Origin; facia of cheek, aponeurosis of masseter
Insertion modiolus(corners of your mouth)
Action pulls corner of mouth
Innervation; facial
Buccinator muscle(behind risorius, on front cheek, influence constriction of pharynx);
Deep to risorius, runs parallel to it
Continuous with fibers of superior pharyngeal constrictor
origin l molar alveolar process and raphe
Insertion; modiolus and posterior and inferior orbicularis oris
Action; mastication, pulls lips laterally, influences oropharyngeal constriction
Innervation; facial
Levator labii Superioris (lateral to nasi)
origin ; inferior surface of orbit
Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi (runs along nose)
Origin; frontal process of maxilla
Insertion; superior orbicularis orbis
Action; elevates a everts upper lip, deepen nasolabial fold
Zygomartic Minor (lateral to superioris)
Origin; zygomatic bone
Insertion; superior orbicularis oris and modiolus
Action; elevates upper lip, deepened nasolabial fold (smile)
Zygomatic Major(most lateral muscle)
Lies lateral to zygomatic minor and is a smile muscle
Origin; on zygomatic bone
Insertion; superior orbicularis oris and modiolis
Action; pulls lips superiorially to smile
Levator Anguli Oris
Deep to levator labii
Origin; canine fossa of maxilla
Insertion; modiolus, superior orbicularis oris
Action; raises corners of mouth
Depressors
Depressor labii inferioris
Origin; external oblique of mandible
Insertion; modiolus and inferior orbicularis oris
Action; depresses corners of mouth
Depressor anguli oris (lateral to inferiorus)
Origin; oblique line of mandible
Insertion; modiolus inferior oris
Action pulls lower lip down
Mentalis(pout)
Origin; incisive fossa of mandible
Insertion; skin of chin, inferior orbicularis oris
action ; elevates, protrudes and everts lover lip
Platysma (broad neck muscle)
Origin; fascia covering pectoralis major and deltoid
Insertion; cheeks, muscles of the mouth, modiolus
Action; expands neck, pulls skin of neck up
Mandible
Muscles of mastication (very strong), work together to prepare food for swallowing
During speech the muscles must remain in dynamic balance to enable quick adjustments, and be where they need to move
Masseter; (right on jaw near molars) posterior placement capitalizes on strength, is the most superficial muscle
Origin; zygomatic process of maxilla and zygomatic arch
Insertion; angle and ramus of mandible, some deep fibers terminate on coronoid process of mandible
Action; elevates mandible, superficial helps with protrusion and deep helps with retrusion
Innervation; trigeminal
Temporalis; originates on temporal and parietal bone but passes through zygomatic arch, lies deep to masseter
Origin; temporal fossa
Insertion; terminal tendon passes through zygomatic arch, inserts into coronoid process and ramus of mandible
Action; elevates mandible, retruded mandible and les with lateral movement
Innervation; trigeminal
Medial Pterygoid(internal, elevates, beneath ramus and angle);
Origin; lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
Insertion; ramus of mandible
Action; elevates mandible, protrusion, moves haw laterally
Lateral Pterygoid(external, protrusion);
Origin; greater wing of sphenoid and lateral plate of sphenoid
Insertion; TMJ, condyle of mandible
Superior assists with elevation, protrudes and moves jaw to opposite sides
Innervation; trigeminal
Digrasticus(elevates larynx, depresses mandible, string like that loops through hyoid);
Origin; mastoid process of temporal bone
Insertion; lower border of mandible near midline
Action; helps elevate hyoid and depress mandible
Innervation; trigeminal and facial
Mylohyoid(fan under jaw);
Origin; Mylohyoid line of mandible
Insertion; converge at median fibrous raphe
Action; depress mandible
Geniohyoid(chin, sits on top of mylo);
Origin; mental spines of mandible
Insertion; hyoid corpus
Action; depresses mandible
Innervation; hypoglossal
Tongue
Large muscular structure
Super involved in articulation
Extrinsic muscles; responsible for gross positioning and move the tongue as a unit
Intrinsic muscles; shape the tongue and are fine control of articulatory gestures
Muscular hydrostat; supports itself through muscular contraction (not bone or cartilage)
Primary purpose is; mastation(position food and mix) and deglutition(moving food back to swallow)
Structure of Tongue
⅔ of tongue is oral cavity, the remaining ⅓ is oropharynx
Tip; apex of tongue, touches alveolar ridge, teeth
Inferior surface; under tongue tip, underside
Lingual frenulum; piece of tissue that connects tongue to mandible
Ankyloglossia; sort lingual frenulum, ‘tongue tie’
Dorsum; superior surface of tongue
Papillae; structure that houses taste buds (four kinds)
Body; major muscles in body
Median sulcus; midline that divides tongue into left and right
Median fibrous septum; attaches tongue to the hyoid bone and dived tongue longitudinally
Root; in oropharynx (lingual tonsils)
Anterior faucial pillar, and posterior separated by palatine tonsils; part of root
Tonsils and Walderyers ring
Attachments to epiglottis; glossal folds
Blade; right under alveolar ridge
Front; below hard palate
Back; below soft palate
Intrinsic Muscles(fine movement)
Inferior Longitudinal
Origin; root of tongue and corpus body
Insertion; apex
Action; shotens tongue
Innervation; hypoglossal
Superior Longitudinal
Origin; fibrous tissue at root of tongue and median
Insertion; fibrous membrane on sides of tongue
Action; shotens tongue
Innervation; hypoglossal
Transverse (interweave to make a sort of mesh towards back of tongue, lie between two longitudinal)
Origin; median fibrous septum
insertion ; fibrous tissues at sides of tongue
Action; narrows tongue
Vertical
Origin; mucus membrane of tongue dorsum
Insertion; inferior and lateral tongue margins
Action; flattens and widens
Extrinsic Muscles(gross movement)
Genioglossus; large that comprises bulk of medial portion of tongue
Origin; internal surface of mandible
Insertion; back to apex of tongue
Action; protrudes the tongue all together depresses medial part of tongue
Innervation; hypoglossus
Hyoglossus (wraps around genio)
Origin; greater cornua and corpus of hyoid
Insertion; lateral sides of tongue
Action; pulls sides of tongue down, elevates hyoid
Styloglossus(runs to the side of the tongue… like slide from styloid process to sides of tongue \)
Origin; styloid process
Insertion; posterolateral tongue divides into two sections
Action; lifts sides of tongue, retracts base
Velum
⅓ of is provided by palatine aponeurosis and other tissue
Rest is muscle
Covered with mucus
Velopharyngeal closure;
Requires elevation and contraction of lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls
Closes nasal cavity
Coronal; velum does most of work
Sagittal; pharyngeal wall does most of the work
Circular; work together
Levator veli palantinti
Makes up 40% of bulk of velum
Origin; petrous think portion of temporal bone
Insertion; palatine aponeurosis
Action; elevates and retracts velum
Innervation; vagus