Comprehensive Study Notes: Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System

Nervous System: Basics
  • The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and all nerves.

  • It has two main parts:

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.

    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside CNS.

CNS Protection (Meninges)
  • CNS has the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

  • They are protected by three layers called meninges:

    • Dura mater: Outer layer.

    • Arachnoid membrane: Middle layer.

    • Pia mater: Inner layer.

  • Subarachnoid space: Between arachnoid and pia mater, filled with CSF.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • CSF is a fluid in the subarachnoid space.

  • Made of: Water, proteins, glucose, sodium, chloride.

  • Functions:

    • Protects brain and spinal cord.

    • Provides nutrients.

    • Removes waste.

  • How to get it: Lumbar puncture (LP).

Lumbar Puncture (LP)
  • LP: Procedure to collect CSF from the lower spine.

  • Done by inserting a needle into the lower back.

  • Precautions: Do only when necessary, check for bleeding issues, avoid infected sites.

CSF Analysis: Normal vs. Infections
  • CSF is analyzed to find CNS infections. Tests include appearance, microscopy, culture, biochemical tests, and antigen/antibody tests.

  • Samples are collected in 3 bottles; bottle 3 is best for bacteria to avoid skin contamination.

  • Normal CSF:

    • Appearance: Clear

    • WBC/μL: 080-8

    • Protein: 1545</p><p>mg/dL15-45</p><p>\mathrm{mg/dL}

    • Glucose: 5080</p><p>mg/dL50-80</p><p>\mathrm{mg/dL}

    • Chloride: 115130</p><p>mEq/L115-130</p><p>\mathrm{mEq/L}

    • Pressure: Normal

  • Acute Bacterial Meningitis:

    • Appearance: Turbid (cloudy)

    • WBC/μL: High (thousands; mainly neutrophils)

    • Protein: High

    • Glucose: Low

    • Chloride: Low

    • Pressure: High

  • Viral Meningitis:

    • Appearance: Clear

    • WBC/μL: Increased (mainly lymphocytes)

    • Protein: Slightly increased

    • Glucose: Normal

    • Chloride: Normal

    • Pressure: Normal to increased

  • Tubercular Meningitis (TBM):

    • Appearance: Slightly opaque; may have cobweb-like formations

    • WBC/μL: 4040040-400 (mainly lymphocytes)

    • Protein: Increased

    • Glucose: Decreased

    • Chloride: Decreased

    • Pressure: Increased

  • Fungal Meningitis:

    • Appearance: Clear to slightly cloudy

    • WBC/μL: 100600100-600 (mixed or lymphocytic)

    • Protein: Increased

    • Glucose: Decreased

    • Chloride: Decreased

    • Pressure: Increased

How Germs Enter the Nervous System
  • Routes: Skull/backbone fractures, medical procedures, peripheral nerves, blood/lymph.

  • Common causes: Bacteria, viruses, fungi.

  • Meningitis: Inflammation of meninges (protective brain/spinal cord layers).

  • Encephalitis: Brain inflammation (usually viral).

Lab Diagnosis of CNS Infections
  • CSF is the main sample.

  • Procedures:

    1. Visual appearance

    2. Microscopy (cell counts, stains like Gram, Ziehl-Neelsen, negative stain for fungi; wet prep for live organisms)

    3. Culture (different media for normal vs. raised WBC, specific media for TB/fungi)

    4. Biochemical analysis

    5. Antigen/antibody detection tests (ELISA, PCR)

Specific Nervous System Infections
  • Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis:

    • Cause: Gram-negative bacterium.

    • Affects: Children 6 months to 4 years.

    • Prevention: Hib vaccine.

  • Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis (Meningococcal Meningitis):

    • Cause: Gram-negative bacterium with capsule.

    • Carriers: ~10% are healthy carriers.

    • At risk: Children <1 year, adults ≥65.

    • Spread: Respiratory secretions.

    • Prevention: Vaccines.

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis (Pneumococcal Meningitis):

    • Cause: Gram-positive bacterium.

    • Carriers: ~70% carry it in nose/throat.

    • Common: Children 1 month to 4 years.

    • Prevention: PCV13 and PPSV23 Vaccines.

  • Listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes):

    • Cause: Gram-positive rod.

    • At risk: Pregnant/newborns, ≥65, immunocompromised.

    • Spread: Food (dairy, meat, produce).

  • Tetanus:

    • Cause: Clostridium tetani (Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobe).

    • Disease: Muscle spasms, especially jaw/neck.

    • Toxin: Tetanospasmin (blocks muscle relaxation).

    • Prevention: Tetanus toxoid vaccine.

    • Treatment: Tetanus immune globulin.

  • Botulism:

    • Cause: Clostridium botulinum (Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobe).

    • Toxin effect: Blocks nerve signals to muscles, causing floppy paralysis.

    • Types: Foodborne, infant, wound.

    • Symptoms: Difficulty swallowing, double vision, muscle weakness, breathing issues.

    • Treatment: Botulinum antitoxin.

    • Prevention: Safe canning, nitrites in meats.

  • Leprosy:

    • Cause: Mycobacterium leprae (acid-fast rod).

    • Targets: Peripheral nerves, skin.

    • Spread: Prolonged close contact.

    • Forms: Tuberculoid (loss of sensation), Lepromatous (disfiguring nodules).

  • Poliomyelitis (Polio):

    • Cause: Poliovirus.

    • Spread: Contaminated food/water.

    • Effect: Can destroy motor cells, causing paralysis (rare).

    • Prevention: Inactivated polio vaccine (eIPV).

  • Rabies:

    • Cause: Rabies virus (Rhabdovirus).

    • Spread: Bites of infected animals.

    • Effect: Multiplies in muscle, spreads to CNS causing brain inflammation.

    • Symptoms: Fever, headache, then agitation, hydrophobia.

    • Prevention: Pre-exposure vaccine; post-exposure vaccine + immune globulin.

  • Arboviral Encephalitis:

    • Cause: Viruses (many types).

    • Spread: Arthropods (mosquitoes, ticks).

    • Prevention: Vector control, some vaccines exist.

  • Cryptococcus neoformans:

    • Cause: Fungus.

    • Found: Soil, bird droppings.

    • Spread: Inhalation of spores.

    • Leads to: Cryptococcal meningitis.

    • Treatment: Antifungals.

  • African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness):

    • Cause: Protozoan parasites (Trypanosoma brucei).

    • Spread: Tsetse fly bite.

    • Effect: Chronic (gambiense) or acute (rhodesiense) disease.

  • Naegleria fowleri:

    • Cause: Free-living amoeba.

    • Found: Freshwater.

    • Infection: Contaminated water enters nose (e.g., swimming).

    • Effect: Travels to brain, causes severe brain destruction.

  • Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs):

    • Cause: Abnormal prion proteins.

    • Effect: Misfolded proteins damage brain, causing 'spongy' changes and fatal neurodegeneration.

    • Spread: Contaminated meat, infected tissues, inheritance.

    • Types: Sheep scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Kuru, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).

Key Takeaways
  • CSF analysis helps diagnose CNS infections and guides treatment.

  • Understanding infection entry helps prevent them.

  • Vaccination is key for prevention (Hib, N. meningitidis, PCV, polio, tetanus).

  • Wide range of agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions) infect CNS, requiring diverse diagnostic methods.

  • Public health actions: vaccine access, vector control, food safety, smart antibiotic use.