APUSH unit 3 test
Ohio river valley shut down- conflict with indians, conflict with french
Albany conference-forge alliance w native americans. Benjamin Franklin-Albany plan of union:gave colonies ability to tax and raise military. First attempt to make colonies separate from british
Peace of paris:britain gained florida from spain, ohio river valley france to britain
Colonist migrated to ohio river valley, indians launched attacks against colonists
Proclamation of 1763-forbade colonists from moving west
Britain in major debt->new taxation and trade laws to pay for war
Salutary neglect-> british subjects but developed own self governance policies due to hands off british rule
New imperial policies:
Enforcing existing laws
Navigation acts: forced colonies only to trade with Britain and taxed all British goods
Quartering act even after the war to enforce policies
New policies and taxes
Sugar act: decreased cost but enforced tax collector/accountability
Currency act: required colonies to use british currency
Stamp act: news paper, cards
First direct tax, colonist outrage
Colonist believed taxation could only be enforced by their own representatives bodies
Enlightenment thought
Colonial resistance
Sons and daughter of liberty- repeal of stamp act
Committees of correspondence: spread ideas of british take over and colonial rights
House of Burgesses: Virginia resolves;
Stamp ACt congress
Repealed stamp act but came up with declaratory act: parliament could pass any law they wanted
Townshend acts: tax on common items
Caused boycotts of British goods
WOmen played big role in boycotts
Tensions rise: Boston massacre, Boston tea party
Response:
Coercive acts: Closed boston harbor, new more enforced quartering acts
Chapter 5
1775 independence was not wanted by many colonists
First Continental Congress: respond to what delegates viewed as Britain's alarming threats to their liabilities
Loyalists: would not challenge the Kings government in any way. loyal to British
Joseph Galloway: proposed a plan to fix relations with Parliament and form a union of the colonies within the British Empire. plan failed to pass.
Suffolk resolves: economic sanctions, repeal of the Intolerable Acts, military preparations, boycotting of British goods
Declaration and rights and grievances: urged the king to make right colonial grievances and restore Colonial rights.
Continental Association: enforced the economic sanctions of the Suffolk resolves.
King angrily dismissed First Continental Congress sent additional troops to Boston sparked the first battles of the American Revolution.
Lexington and Concord: British were sent to seize military supplies, America lost in Lexington but won in Concord.
Bunker Hill: american victory
Second continental congress met. Congress was divided over Independence or relationship with Britain.
Declaration of the causes and Necessities for taking up arms, established Marine Corps and Navy, raided Quebec
Olive Branch Petition to King George asking to secure peace and protection of Rights
King dismissed and established prohibitory Act which declared colonies in a rebellion
months later Parliament forbade all trade and shipping in the Rebellion
Thomas Paine proposed common sense, urging the colonies to break all ties with Britain.
The following months five delegates from Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence
George Washington fought for the Patriots who had a poorly equipped Army
British promised freedom to enslave people who join the Army Washington made the same offer
Tories: Maintain allegiance to the king, Most government officials and Anglican clergy in America remain loyal to the crown.
attacks by colonist prompted American Indians to support the British
Washington's Army suffered, Patriots face economic troubles, trade declined, inflation rise
Battle of Saratoga was a turning point for Washington's Army, Persuaded France to back America and join the war against Britain
Yorktown was the last major battle. supported by the French Washington's Army forced surrender of the British.
American Revolution was the only War started in the Americas and transferred to Europe.
Treaty of Paris soon followed due to heavy strain on British economy
treaty declared United States as an independent nation
Following Independence the 13 colonies strived for them to change into independently governed states with its own Constitution
this led to heated debates between conservatives and liberals.
Every self-governed state included a list of Rights, the separation of powers( executive legislative judicial), voting; all white males who own property, those seeking office had to have higher property qualification
Articles of Confederation protected the powers of the individual states
unicameral legislature meeting one house (only small states liked this)
Congress had the ability to wage war make treaties and borrow money however they did not have the right to tax, taxes had to be voted on by each state.
Land ordinance of 1785 Congress established a policy for surveying and selling Western lands
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set rules for creating new States, granted limited self-government and prohibited slavery
Problems: debt from war; no taxing power, European nations had little respect for the new nation, faced Rebel farmers and lack of paper money; led to Shay's Rebellion
States adopted the principle of separation of the church and state, refused to give financial support to any religious group.
Anglican Church was de established in the south
Women: Had to run a state and farming well men were away serving, some worked as cooks and nurses and others actually fought in battle
Slavery: Continental Congress abolished the importation of enslaved people. Northern States ended slavery, Southern States sometimes voluntarily free their slaves
however following the Revolutionary War slave owners believed that enslaved labor was essential to their economy
Chapter 6:
4 years between Treaty of Paris and Constitutional Convention
government operated under Articles of Confederation (consists of one house Congress no separate executive and Judiciary System, led the country to face many problems)
Statesville to adhere to the Treaty of Paris; required that they restore property to Loyalists and repaid debts to foreigners
government under the Articles was too weak to stop written for maintaining military outposts and also restricting trade
Produce trade and debt led to a widespread economic depression inability to place taxes Didn't help either
States also treated one another with suspicion and competed for economic advantage ( placed tariffs and restrictions on movement of goods across state lines, to Interstate rivalry and tension)
In order to solve these problems the Mount Vernon conference was called where delegates agreed to discuss problems at a further date
the Annapolis convention was later held only five delegates showed, discussed ways to improve commercial relations among the states
James Madison and Alexander Hamilton persuaded another convention should be held for revising the Articles of Confederation
Constitutional convention was held to revise the Articles of Confederation
Delegates sharply disagreed on the fundamental purpose, eg. some wanted to revise others wanted to draft an entirely new document mainly the nationalists, Madison and Hamilton
Americans generally distrusted government and feared officials would seize every opportunity to abuse power
Madison wanted a new constitution to be based on a system of checks and balances
power of each branch would be limited by the powers of others
The Virginia Plan favored the large states and the New Jersey Plan favored the small states over whether larger States should have proportionally more representatives in Congress
Connecticut plan/great Compromise provided for a two house Congress
the Senate would have equal representation
the House of Representatives each state would be represented according to the size of its population
The 3/5 compromise counted each enslaved individual as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of determining a state's level of Taxation
Congress had to decide if the slave trade should be allowed ( came to the conclusion that slaves could be imported for at least 20 years or then Congress could vote to abolish the practice after the date)
Trade: Northern states wanted central government to regulate interstate commerce and foreign trade
The South was afraid that export taxes would be placed on agricultural products
the commercial compromise allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign Commerce placing tariffs on Foreign imports but prohibited taxes on any exports
Delegates decided to assign to each state a number of electors equal to the total of that State's representatives and senators ( electoral college system) to decide presidency
Also decided to give president a lot of power including the power to veto acts of Congress
Farmers of the Constitution specified that only nine states out of 13 would be required for ratification
Supporters of the Constitution were known as Federalists
most common along the Atlantic coast and large cities
opponents were known as Anti-Federalists
most common on Western frontier / small farmers
The Federalist Papers written by James Madison Alexander Hamilton and John Jay consisted of 85 essays that presented reasons for believing in the practicality of the Constitution
Many States including Delaware New Jersey and Pennsylvania needed a Bill of Rights to ratify
Virginia and New York had not yet acted and if they failed the chance for National Unity would be in dire Jeopardy
Anti-Federalists were led by George Mason and Patrick Henry, Virginia was the most populous of the original 13 states, where most Anti-Federalists resided
Anti-Federalists agreed that the constitution needed a Bill of Rights, Federalists argued that it was unnecessary
Bill of Rights was written by James Madison, all amendments have been extended to apply to abuses of state governments as well-came to agreement after the ratification of the 14th Amendment
First: freedom of speech freedom of press freedom of religion
second: right to bear arms
third: no Soldier shall ever be quartered
fourth: against unreasonable searches and seizures
Fifth: Rights to trials and due process
Six: speedy and public trial
7th: trial by jury
8: no cruel or unusual punishment
There are 10, didn't add
Washington established the idea of a cabinet after his presidency election
elected Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State
Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury
Henry Knox as Secretary of War
Edmund Randolph as Attorney General
Congress has the power to create other federal courts with lesser powers
also has the power to determine the number of justices making up the Supreme Court
one of congress's first laws was the Judiciary Act: established a supreme court with one chief justice and five associate justices
Hamilton's financial plan:
pay off national debt at face value and have the federal government assume the war debts of the states
protect the nation's infant Industries and impose High tariffs on imported goods
create a National Bank for depositing government funds and printing Bank notes that would provide the basis for a stable US currency
During Washington's presidency the French Revolution was also happening during his presidency the question was whether to give you a support to France, France’s enemies, or stay neutral
Us French Alliance remained in effect., Jefferson thought that the state should joined France in its defensive war against Britain
Washington argued that the nation was not strong enough and issued the proclamation of neutrality, Jefferson resigned from the cabinet and disagreement
The Jay Treaty: J Johnson was sent to talk Britain out of offensive practice of searching and seizing American ships
was successful in agreeing to evacuate posts on us Frontier
didn't actually stop the seizures
The Pinckney treaty: Spain agreed to open the Lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to American Trade,
Spain was worried about Westward territory from Britain so decided to treaty with America
Rid of deposit was also established so that Americans could transfer Cargoes in New Orleans without paying duties to the Spanish government
Domestic concerns:
American Indians: colonists moved west causing conflicts with several tribes
Battle of Fallen Timbers defeated Confederacy tribes ( Tribes put together a western Confederacy to stop this)
America was convinced the British was supplying guns to Native Americans
Treaty of Greenville surrender to claims to the Ohio territory and promise to open it up to settlement
Whiskey Rebellion: Hamilton wanted to propose excise taxes on the sale of whiskey.
Farmers had a problem with this and they defended their Liberties by attacking people
To respond to this Washington sent militia men under the command of Alexander Hamilton to stop the Rebellion with almost no bloodshed
some applauded this Choice others were upset about the force used
Jefferson used this too when popularity of the western farmers
Public Land Act of 1796 established orderly procedures for dividing and selling Federal lands at reasonable prices and set the process for adding new States
Although Washington did not want political parties Federalists under Alexander Hamilton and Anti-Federalists under Jefferson known as the Democratic Republican Party started to Define political parties
in this further even more during the French Revolution
this time is also known as the Federalist era as much of the policies were under Federalists
Jefferson openly challenged Washington's neutrality policy
Federalists were strongest in northeastern states and advocated the growth of federal power
Democratic Republicans were strongest in southern states and on the Western frontier and argued for states' rights
In Washington's farewell address he warned people not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties, not to fall into sectionalism
The 22nd Amendment ratified in 1951 made the two term limit a part of the Constitution
After Washington John Adams became president which was the Federalist candidate and Thomas Jefferson was the Democratic Republican candidate who became vice president
During the French Revolution and Adam's presidency the French were seizing American Merchant ships
Adams sent delegation to Paris to negotiate with the French government the minister is known as X Y and Z because their names were never revealed requested bribes for the basis of entering into negotiations
America refused Hamilton wanted to go to war to gain land in North America from French and Spain
Adams didn't want to go to war because the Army and Navy were not strong enough
Federalists in Congressional elections one majority vote in both houses over war against France
Federalists took their victory for Advantage by enacting laws to restrict the Democratic Republicans
most democratic republicans were immigrants so Federalist past the neutralization Act which increased from 5 to 14 years required for immigrants to qualify for US citizenship
alien acts Which authorized the president to deport aliens considered dangerous and detain enemy aliens in times of War
sedition act which made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize the president or Congress and impose or imprisonment editors for violating the law
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were a direct protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts
they argued that it violated the First Amendment
the Supreme Court had not established the power to strike down federal laws
Democratic Republicans declared that if the federal government broke the agreement they had the power to nullify unconstitutional laws
Democratic Republicans defeated Federalists in the election of 1800 sweeping power from both executive and legislative branches
Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr received the exact same number of votes
under the original Constitution and electoral tie triggered a special election in the House of Representatives
Hamilton urged the Federalist followers to vote for Jefferson over Burr because he considered Jefferson less dangerous
Jefferson won the presidency and the Democratic Republicans took control both the house and the senate in 1801
the transition of parties was done without violence which is a rarity and it served as a sign that the US could endure intense political strain
The switch between Federalists and Anti-Federalists is known as the Revolution of 1800
CHAPTER 7: Rise of Jefferson
Jefferson kept national bank and debt repayment, and continued neutrality parties
Reduced military size, eliminated number of federal jobs, lowered debt and repealed the excise of taxes
Louisiana purchase: port of New Orleans, great for trade
Claimed by spain, forced to give back to france
Spanish officials closed port in 1802, caused economic strain
Jefferson sent ministers to get a small part of LA and new orleans
If failed instructed to forge a british alliance
France did not want this so they gave all of LA
Posed an issue over whether a president can buy a state
Submitted purchase agreement to senate under the argument of lands could be added to the US as an application of the president's power to make treaties.
Really added to Jefferson's popularity
- Jefferson established lewis and clark expedition
- gained greater geographic knowledge
- stronger US claims on oregon
- better relations with american indians and more accurate maps
- John Marshall: federalist judge, strengthened central government at expense of state rights
-He established Judicial review, which allowed the supreme court to rule acts of congress or the executive branch as unconstitutional
Jefferson suspended alien and sedition acts
Aaron served as vice president during Jefferson’s first term
Second term he tried to make his own party (quids) who accused jefferson of abandoning demo-repub principals
He was not reelected for Jeff's second term
Embarked on ventures that threatened to break up the union and killed hamilton
Burr planned to win governorship of New York unite that state w/ new england states and lead this group of states to secede from the nation
Jeff arrested him and tried for treason but he got off by John Marshall
Barbary Pirates: from africa were besieging US ships, Washington and Adams paid them to stop, they demanded more money from Jefferson, he used the navy to stop it instead.
Due to US neutrality, Britain and France attacked US ships and the British impressed US sailors (kidnapping them claiming that they were Brits still)
Embargo Act: prohibited US ships from sailing into any foreign port
Jeff hoped that it would get the British to stop violating neutral nations
It backfired and brought economic hardship to US
The depression was so bad it developed a movement for New England states to secede from the union.
Jefferson repealed the act in the final days of his presidency
Madison was elected president
Federalists were able to get seats in congress due to fail of the embargo act
Madison wanted to avoid war w/ europe at all costs but eventually gave into war
Nonintercourse act of 1809: Americans could trade with all nations except for Britain and France
Macons Bill No. 2: stated that If britain or france agreed to respect US neutral rights the the US would forbid trade with that nations foe
France took up this offer, the US followed through but France still decided to violate US rights
War of 1812: US action to stop sea neutral rights, and British western frontier troubles
Native Americans tried to stop westward expansion by uniting all the tribes
Word of this got out and lead to the battle of Tippecanoe, which put an end to union plans
War hawks: eager congress men for war with Britain
War hawk pressure and rights violations eventually ;ead to US declaring war with Britain
Not everyone wanted war
Congress, Vermont, and Pennsylvania and southern and western states supported war
New york and new jersey and rest of new england states opposed war
Lead to a series of wars with Native Americans and the british
US came out on top but the war was pointless because all territory gained was null and void and everyone got what they had before the war
Andrew Jackson ended Native American british allies and got free african americans and creoles to fight with him.
Treaty of Ghent: Conquered fighting, returned original territory, no gain for either side
Hartford convention: a secret 1814 meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812 and proposed constitutional amendments to limit federal power, an action that ultimately ruined their political party when peace was declared shortly after. ⅔ vote of both houses before declaration of war
US did gain: respect from other nations, accepted Canada as british land, federalist party came to an end, American Indians forced under white settlement, Us moved towards self sufficiency with factories.