2nd Nine-Weeks Vocabulary & Historical Topics

Connections & Mongol Moment (Continued)

Economic Transformations (Continued)

Silk Roads

Caravanserai

Silver Trade

Potosi: A city in Bolivia, known for its silver mines, which became a major source of silver for the Spanish Empire.

Fur Trade

Indian Ocean Trade

Dhow: Traditional sailing vessels used in the Indian Ocean.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Interactions (Ch.3)

Black Death: A devastating pandemic that swept through Europe in the mid-14th century.

Srivijaya: A dominant thalassocratic city-state based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia.

Borobudur: A 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia.

Angkor Wat: A temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world.

Malacca: A historical port city in present-day Malaysia, crucial for trade in the Malacca Strait.

Swahili: A Bantu language and culture found along the East African coast.

Great Zimbabwe: A medieval city in present-day Zimbabwe, known for its large stone structures.

Zheng He: A Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during China's early Ming dynasty.

Trans-Saharan Trade: Trade across the Sahara Desert, connecting North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa.

Mali: A West African empire known for its wealth and Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca.

Timbuktu: A city in Mali, West Africa, historically significant as a center of Islamic learning and trade.

Mosque of Jenne: A large banco or adobe building in the city of Djenné, Mali, and is considered by many architects to be one of the greatest achievements of the Sudano-Sahelian architectural style.

Mansa Musa: The tenth Mansa (Emperor) of the Mali Empire, known for his wealth and pilgrimage to Mecca.

Political Transformations 1450-1750 (Ch.5)

Hernan Cortes: Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire.

Great Dying: Refers to the significant population decline in the Americas due to diseases brought by Europeans.

Little Ice Age: A period of regional cooling, particularly in the North Atlantic region, that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.

Columbian Exchange: The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Mercantilism: An economic policy designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports of a nation.

Cultural Transformations 1450-1750 (Ch.7)

Protestant Reformation: A major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church.

Thirty Years’ War: A series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history.

Counter-Reformation: The response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation.

Creoles: People of Spanish or French descent born in the Americas.

Peninsulares: Spanish-born spaniards residing in the New World.

Mestizos: People of mixed Spanish and indigenous descent.

Mulattoes: People of mixed European and African descent.

Kaozheng: A form of evidential scholarship that emphasized accuracy and verification, primarily in China.

Wahabi Islam: A conservative and puritanical reform movement within Sunni Islam.

Sikhism: A monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent.

Scientific Revolution: A period of radical change in science during the 16th and 17th centuries that marked a departure from the Middle Ages.

The Enlightenment: An intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century.

Mongol Moment (Ch.4)

Chinggis Khan (aka Genghis Khan): Founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.

Mongol Defeats (pg. 158): Instances where the Mongol armies were defeated.

Devshirme: The Ottoman practice of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among Balkan Christian populations.

Karakorum: The capital of the Mongol Empire between 1206 and 1260.

Ortughs: State-sponsored merchant associations in Mongol Eurasia.

Economic Transformations 1450-1750 (Ch.6)

China & the Mongols

Khanbalik: The capital city of the Yuan dynasty, located in present-day Beijing.

Khubilai Khan: Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Yuan dynasty in China.

Portuguese Empire

Spanish Empire

Yuan Dynasty: The dynasty established by Kublai Khan in China.

Philippines: An archipelago in Southeast Asia colonized by Spain.

Dutch Empire

British Empire

Other Empires and Locations

Persia & Mongols: The Mongol conquest of Persia and subsequent rule.

Safavid Empire: A Shia Islamic empire that ruled Persia (Iran) from the 16th to the 18th centuries.

Russia & Mongols: The Mongol rule over Russia, known as the Golden Horde.

Moscow: Rose to prominence during the period of Mongol rule in Russia.

Russian Empire

Qing Dynasty: The last imperial dynasty of China (1644 to 1912), which was of Manchurian origin.

Mughal Empire: An empire in the Indian subcontinent founded by Babur.

Akbar: One of the greatest Mughal emperors.

Aurangzeb: A controversial Mughal emperor known for his strict Islamic policies.

Benin: A pre-colonial kingdom in present-day Nigeria, known for its bronze sculptures.

Dahomey: A West African kingdom known for its strong military and involvement in the slave trade.

Samarkand: A city in Uzbekistan, historically important as a center on the Silk Road.

Pure Land: A tradition of Buddhist teachings that are focused on Amitābha Buddha.