Canadian History 11 Unit 1 Test Review Notes

Canadian History 11 Unit 1 Test Review Notes

Globalization

  • Definition: Refers to the interconnected and interdependent relationships among places on Earth, emphasizing human connections.
  • Key Contributing Factors:
  • Migration: Movement of people (e.g., from Nova Scotia to Alberta for work).
  • Scarcity: Push factors like lack of resources (e.g., food availability).
  • Technology: Advances in transportation and communication (planes, trains, internet).
  • Economics: Trade of goods between regions (e.g., bananas in Canada).

Bering Strait Theory

  • Archaeologist: A professional who studies human history through excavation and analysis of artifacts.
  • Understanding of the Theory: Explains how the initial populating of North America may have occurred via migration across the Bering Strait.
  • Aboriginal Perspectives:
  • Dunne-za (Northwest Territories)
  • Nlaka'pamux (Interior Canada)
  • Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)
  • Mi'kmaq (Atlantic Coast)
  • WorldView: A term for the way individuals perceive and interpret the world around them.

Archaeological Evidence

  • Scientific Approach: Method used by archaeologists to gather evidence and draw conclusions about first peoples' arrival.
  • Early Evidence: Timeline supporting First Peoples’ arrival to the Americas.
  • Clovis Model: An early hypothesis regarding the first inhabitants of North America, challenged by findings at places like Monte Verde.
  • Paradigm Bias: A framework that influences how a researcher interprets data, potentially leading to oversight of conflicting evidence.
  • Plano Period: Characteristics of the hunting practices and locations of Plano peoples.

Linguistics and First People Origin Theories

  • Linguistics: The study of language and its structure.
  • Canada's Major Language Families:
  1. Algonquian
  2. Iroquoian
  3. Salishan
  • Physical Anthropologist: A scientist studying the physical development of humans.

Theories of Migration Routes

  • Land Route (Bering Strait): Evidence supporting this theory includes land features and artifacts.
  • Pacific Route: Offers an alternative explanation for migration via coastal travel.
  • Atlantic Route: Explains potential migrations across the Atlantic with supporting historical dates.
  • Debert Paleoindian Site: An important archaeological site detailing early human activity in North America.

Aboriginal Farming Technologies

  • Key Terms:
  • Aboriginal People
  • Biodiversity
  • Monoculture
  • Population Density
  • Differences in Farming: Aboriginal farming methods contrasted with Europeans, focusing on sustainability and diversity in crops.
  • First Farmers: The Haudenosaunee recognized for complex farming systems and the significant role of women.

Food Gathering and Pharmacology

  • Food Gathering Strategies: Included variety of food types, storage methods, and purposes beyond consumption.
  • Pharmacology: The study of drugs and their effects, especially related to traditional medicine.
  • Impact of Aboriginal Medicine: Contributions to European settlers' health by treating ailments like scurvy and malaria.

Economic Structures & Transport Technologies

  • Motivations for Aboriginal Trade: Key reasons behind established trade networks and their reach.
  • Wampum: A traditional shell bead currency used in trade and diplomacy.
  • Transportation:
  • Canoe: Effective for waterways.
  • Traivios: A transport method developed by Plains peoples.
  • Horses: Introduced by Europeans, transforming lifestyles.
  • Thule Peoples: Their seasonal transport methods reflected adaptations to environment.

Government Structures in Indigenous Society

  • Key Terms:
  • Egalitarian
  • Democratic
  • Confederacy
  • Government Structures:
  • Mi'kmaq Nation
  • Iroquois Confederacy
  • Property Concept Comparison: Different understandings of land ownership between Aboriginal and European perspectives.

Contact with European Colonialism

  • Contact Definition: Refers to the initial interactions between Indigenous peoples and Europeans.
  • Cultural Regions: Identified differences in living conditions and practices across various regions in Canada.
  • Impact of Colonialism: Highlighted changes in the lives of Indigenous peoples following European arrival and dominance.

Expansion & Impact on Society

  • Key Figures: John Cabot, Jacques Cartier's role in the fur trade, and Samuel de Champlain's influence on relations with Aboriginals.
  • Fur Trade Dynamics: Rivalries affected Indigenous lifestyles, with specific effects on their societies.
  • Terms: Assimilation and residential schools; missionaries' roles during early contact.

Mercantilism & Staple Trade

  • Key Concepts:
  • Mercantilism: Economic theory influencing colonial policies.
  • Staple Thesis: Harold Ennis’s theory focusing on resource-based economies.
  • Fishing Methods: Explored British vs. others, and their impacts on colonies.
  • Hudson Bay Company: Established in 1670, pivotal in fur trade developments and influence on Indigenous populations.
  • Corn Laws: Legislation affecting trade dynamics and economic conditions in the colonies.