Reclaiming Maori Sexuality by Aspin & Hutchings

Introduction

  • Authors: Clive Aspin and Jessica Hutchings.

  • Background Context: Indigenous peoples have historically resisted Western colonial views of sexuality. The tensions continue with religious groups imposing narrow interpretations of sexuality.

Perspective on Maori Sexuality

  • Sexual Diversity in Maori Society:

    • Historical evidence shows that Maori accepted diverse sexual expressions, including multiple partners and same-sex relationships (Te Awekotuku 1996, 2003).

    • This acceptance contrasts sharply with contemporary conservative views within both the Pakeha (European New Zealanders) and Maori communities.

  • Colonial Imposition:

    • European contact in the eighteenth century disrupted Maori society, leading to the imposition of Christian doctrines that redefined Maori sexuality.

    • The fundamentalist Christian movements today continue to marginalize Maori and sexual minorities.

  • Example of Opposition:

    • Reaction to the Civil Union Bill showcased strong opposition from fundamentalist Christian groups, often leading to public demonstrations against sexual diversity.

The Ongoing Influence of Colonialism

  • Contemporary Impacts:

    • Fundamentalist Christian groups in New Zealand propagate homophobia which affects Maori sexual expression.

    • Conservative views promote monogamous heterosexuality, neglecting the historical complexity of Maori sexual relationships.

  • Historical Erasure:

    • Colonization led to the suppression of historical Maori perspectives on sexuality, often destroyed or misrepresented to align with colonial beliefs.

    • Artworks depicting same-sex relationships were often destroyed or hidden (Te Awekotuku, 2003).

    • Accounts of Maori sexuality show it was diverse and integral to community well-being.

Sources of Evidence on Maori Sexuality

  • Art and Oral Histories:

    • Pre-colonial art forms (whakairo) depicted sexual diversity and familial relationships.

    • Oral histories provide insight into the experiences and societal norms surrounding sexuality.

  • Research Projects:

    • The Maori Sexuality Project (MSP) gathered comprehensive insights into Maori sexuality from various demographics, emphasizing the fluidity of sexual identity.

    • Recognizes that understanding Maori sexuality requires a cultural perspective, often contrary to Western norms.

Kaupapa Maori Research Methodology

  • Definition:

    • Kaupapa Maori incorporates traditional Maori knowledge and perspectives into research, framing it as a valid approach to understanding Maori sexuality today.

  • Matauranga Maori:

    • A holistic understanding of how Maori knowledge intersects with spirituality and facts, influencing community perspectives on sexuality.

  • Importance of Ancestral Knowledge:

    • Research emphasizes ancestral connections to frame contemporary understandings of sexuality, countering Western constructs.

Cultural Perspectives on Identity and Sexuality

  • Fluidity of Identity:

    • Many Maori individuals do not confine themselves to binary sexual identities (e.g., 'gay' or 'straight') but find difficulty in defining sexuality through imposed labels.

  • Influence of Religion:

    • Western religious beliefs significantly impact contemporary Maori understandings of sexuality, leading to internalized shame regarding sexual diversity.

    • Participants in the MSP cited difficulties in reconciling Maori cultural beliefs with imposed Western Christian values.

  • Contemporary Terminology:

    • The term takatapui is gaining acceptance as a culturally appropriate descriptor for non-heterosexual identities, linked historically to Maori forms of intimacy.

Conclusion

  • Reclaiming the Past:

    • Maori must access and understand their historical sexual diversity to combat contemporary colonial influences, especially from fundamentalist factions.

  • Implications for Health:

    • Inclusive practices are crucial for addressing health disparities within the Maori community. Embracing sexual diversity enhances the well-being of all community members.

  • Future Directions:

    • Continued research and advocacy are necessary to reclaim cultural definitions of sexuality and resist colonial impositions, aiming for healthier futures for Maori communities.