Laura A. King, Mark Holder, Dax Urbszat - The Science Of Psychology_ An Appreciative View (1st Canadian Edition)-McGraw-Hill (2021) (1)-compressed (1) (1)

Motivation and Emotion originate from the Latin word "movere," meaning "to move."
Motivation is the driving force behind our actions; it explains why we undertake various activities.
Emotional experiences play a crucial role in our motivation by informing what truly matters to us.

Diagnosis: At 18, Terry was diagnosed with osteogenic sarcoma (bone cancer), leading to the amputation of his leg.
Impact: Affected by suffering children, Terry resolved to run across Canada for cancer research, training extensively for 18 months.
Journey: Started on April 12, 1980, in Newfoundland, running about 42km daily.
Public Recognition: Gained nationwide attention, becoming a symbol of hope and courage.
Legacy: After running 5,373 km in 143 days, cancer spread forced Terry to stop. He passed away at 22, yet his Marathon of Hope continues, raising over 750 million dollars for cancer research.

Instinct Theory: Suggests motivation is rooted in innate biological behaviors.
Drive Reduction Theory: Focuses on physiological needs and the drives that arise from them. Drives are inner states triggered by needs (e.g., hunger → eating).
Optimum Arousal Theory: Proposes a balance in arousal levels for optimal performance (Yerkes-Dodson Law).

Biological signals from the stomach and hormones like insulin and leptin regulate hunger.
Eating Disorders: Anorexia nervosa (starvation), bulimia nervosa (binge-purge cycle), and binge eating disorder (BED) demonstrate the complexity of motivations around eating.

Biological: Stomach contractions signal hunger.
Chemical: Glucose levels and hormones signal hunger and fullness; leptin helps regulate food intake and energy expenditure.

Levels: Physiological needs, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization (highest level). Focus on the development and fulfillment of potential.

Focuses on three innate needs for psychological well-being: competence, relatedness, and autonomy.
- Competence: Feeling capable of achieving desired outcomes.
- Relatedness: Importance of building connections with others.
- Autonomy: Sense of control over one's actions and life.

Emotion is characterized by physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Manages physiological responses related to emotions, with two branches—sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming).

James-Lange Theory: Emotion results from physiological reactions to stimuli—"You are afraid because you run."
Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotional and physiological responses occur simultaneously.
Two-Factor Theory: Emotion is determined by physiological arousal and how we cognitively label that arousal.

Positive emotions can boost health, while negative emotions can lead to health risks.
Pursuing happiness can be hindered by adaptation to changes and by the hedonic treadmill.
Effective happiness-enhancing activities include gratitude journaling, physical activity, and aiding others.

Theories of Motivation: Instincts, drives, and arousal levels influence human behavior.
Hunger and Eating Disorders: Complex interplay of biological mechanisms and motivations.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Emphasizes the pursuit of self-actualization.
Self-Determination Theory: Highlights the importance of competence, relatedness, and autonomy.
Emotion Theories: Include physiological responses and cognitive assessments, influencing behavior and health.