Things to go over for the final module exam (Lesson Content 1,2,3,4)(70 marks marks consisting of MCQ, T/F, Match)

  1. What is histology? What is histopathology? 

  2. -Go over the stages to process the tissue?  

  3. -Step 1: fixation. What is the fixative you use to fix the tissue? -Like formalin: how do you make 4% formaldehyde? What is the % of formalin do we use to fix the tissue? (10%). 

  4. -How long we do fix the tissue for? What is the ratio of the fixation to the tissue volume? 

  5. -What factors of the tissue after the time of processing? 

  6. -A tissue has a capsule around it, how does it affect the fixation process? 

  7. -What is the rate the tissue is fixed at? 

  8. -What is the primary aim of a fixative? What is the purpose for it?  

  9. -What is zenkers and helly fluid? What is it made of? Which one contains formalin? 

  10. -What is grossing? Do you perform the grossing step before or after fixing the tissue? Do MLA/T perform the gross description? What is the size of the tissue that is cut? What size is placed in the cassette and which one in the basket?  

  11. -What is decalcification? What is the agent used? Go over the steps in detail. Do we always perform the decalcification step? Do we do this step before or after fixation?  

  12. -Go over the remaining steps dehydration, clearing, infiltration, embedding, microtomy all in detailed. (Make sure to go in very detailed, such as what are the different agents/reagents used, what is the melting point of paraplast. what is temperature of the water bath, what is paraffin, who do we used xylene as a clearing agent? What happens if xylene is mixed with water? The ratio of how many times to the tissue to the volume, what additives are found in the paraffin wax? What colour crystals will we find if there is water in the wax during impregnation step? What are the artifacts for microtomy? What is the size of the thin section cut into for ribboning? Do we move the knife or the tissue block? What happens to the slide after it is dried in the oven? What happens if we over dehydrate the tissue? The mold used for the wax and the tissue will depend on the ______ of the  tissue?) 

  13. -What is an embedding center? What do find in the embedding center? 

  14. -What is an automated tissue processor? What is the principle? What is the advantages of the fluid exchange principles? 

  15. -Can you leave the automated tissue processor running overnight without anyone watching it? Do we always have to watch the machine? How many stations and hours cycle does the automatic tissue processor has? 

  16. -In histology, when you perform the coverslip stage, do you have to wait for the tissue glass slide to be dried or not?  

  17. What are the definitions of putrefaction, autolysis, tolerant, non-tolerant,  

  18. -Go over the H&E staining procedure and the results for it. What colour would the nuclei and basophilic components be? What colour results for collagen, RBC, muscle cells, Cytoplasm? Both the results and the procedure is important for you to know. During the procedure, what is the slides placed first in? After that the slides are placed in descending or ascending order of alcohol before the hematoxylin stain? Do we place the slides in the bluing agent before or after the differentiation step? Towards the end, after the staining, what is the dehydration agent used? 

  19. -Go over the chemical safety/hazard for like xylene, formalin  

  20. -What is the purpose of the bluing agent? 

  21. -What is scotts tap water? 

  22. -What is the difference between progressive and regressive H&E staining?  

  23. -What is the most important step in the regressive H&E stain? (Differentiation in acid-alcohol)-What is the percentage of the acid alcohol used?  

  24. -What is romanovsky stain? -Go over the ingredients as well.  

  25. -What is the mounting media? Which mounting media do we use? How do we remove excess wiping media on the slide?  

  26. -How long do we keep histology tissue block in the filling for?  

  27. -What is a cryostat? Can we process STAT specimens on a cryostat?  

  28. -Go over maintenance section.  

  29. -What is cytology?  

  30. -What is the stain used for pap smear.  

  31. -What is regressive and progressive Papanicolaou stain method? 

  32. -What is the ThinPrep system method?  

  33. -What is the Surepath System?  

  34. -What is the gyn and non-gyn specimen? 

  35. -What is a cytospin?               

  36. -What is sediment and supernatant? 

  37. -What is a direct smear? 

  38. -What is pick and smear? For what specimen is a pick and smear usually done for? 

  39. -How does a patient collect a sputum specimen? 

  40. -What is the fixative used for smears made of sputum? 

  41. -What is the standard fixative for cytology?