LECTURE 1 CELL MEMBRANE AND TRANSPORT

Course Overview

• Course Title: Physiology I BSc. Midwifery 100

• Semester: One

• Course Code: MIDW 155

• Credit Hours: 2

• Instructor: Francis Borsongdeme Bayuo (Sir. BB)

• Contact: francis.borsongdeme@gcuc.edu.gh

Course Expectations

• Expectations may include active participation in discussions, timely submission of assignments, and an engagement with course materials.

Course Content

1. Cell Functions

• Cell Membrane:

  • Transport across cell membrane: osmosis, diffusion, active transport.

  • Cell reproduction mechanisms including mitosis, meiosis, sex determination, and genetics.

2. Tissue Functions

• Exploration into the various functions of different tissue types in the body.

3. Homeostasis

• Mechanism of homeostasis covering:

  • Extracellular and intracellular environments.

  • Feedback systems: negative and positive feedback.

  • Consequences and examples of disturbances in homeostasis.

4. Skeletal System

• Functions of the skeletal system:

  • Ossification: intramembranous and intra-cartilaginous.

  • Bone growth and repair, development of long bones.

• Joint Functions:

  • Functions of joints, movements, and conditions such as arthritis.

5. Muscular System

• Functions of muscles including:

  • Muscle actions and contraction mechanisms.

6. Blood Functions

• Roles of blood including:

  • Formation of blood cells.

  • Blood clotting mechanisms and factors influencing clotting.

  • Blood group classifications including Rh factor.

7. Heart Functions

• Heart functions including:

  • Role of heart valves.

  • Conducting mechanisms of the heart influenced by the electrocardiogram.

  • Nervous control of heart activities.

8. Circulatory Mechanism

• Mechanisms of circulation covering:

  • Pulse and blood pressure.

  • Measurement techniques for blood pressure.

  • Distinctions between arterial pressure and venous return.

9. Lymphatic System

• Functions of the lymphatic system in relation to fluid balance and immune response.

Student Evaluation

• Class Score (30%):

  • Assignments, quizzes, mid-sem exams, presentations, attendance, and class participation.

• End of Semester Examination (70%):

  • essays, multiple choice questions (MCQs), matching questions, reasons and assertions, etc.

Introduction to Physiology

• Importance of physiology in clinical settings, specifically applied to midwifery.

• Example scenario: Identify physiological reasons behind clinical symptoms observed in patients (e.g., sunken eyes, pale appearance).

• Understanding of system involvement and supporting patient care based on physiological knowledge.

Plasma Membrane

• The plasma membrane serves as a barrier between the cell's interior and the extracellular environment where biochemical reactions essential for life occur.

• Characteristics:

  • Semi-permeable membrane facilitating communication and resource utilization.

Plasma Membrane Components

• Components include:

  • Lipids: Phospholipids, Sterols

  • Proteins: Integral, Peripheral, Cholesterol, Channel proteins

  • Carbohydrates: Glycolipids, Glycoproteins

Lipids and Their Functions

• Function of Lipids:

  • Most abundant in plasma membranes, generally insoluble in water.

  • Examples: Fatty acids, personal lipids, triglycerides, phospholipids.

  • Roles include metabolic energy storage, structural integrity, and cellular signaling.

Functions of Cell Membranes

• Regulatory Functions:

  • Control the passage of substances in and out of cells.

  • Detect chemical signals.

  • Facilitate cell adhesion and anchoring to the extracellular matrix.

Transport Across Cell Membrane

Passive Transport

• Types:

  • Diffusion, Osmosis

Active Transport

• Movement against concentration gradients requiring ATP energy.

Diffusion

• Passive transport mechanism requiring no cellular energy.

• Characteristics of diffusing molecules:

  • Lipid-soluble, uncharged, small.

• Simple vs. Facilitated Diffusion:

  • Unassisted (simple) and assisted (facilitated) diffusion.

Osmosis

• Osmolarity: Concentration of solute particles per liter.

• Cell interactions with solutions:

  • Isotonic: Equal solute/solvent concentrations; cell remains stable.

  • Hypotonic: Less solute outside, potential for cell swelling/bursting.

  • Hypertonic: More solute outside, potential for cell shrinkage.

Active Transport

• Movement of substances against concentration gradients requiring ATP.

• Mechanism:

  • Involves transmembrane proteins and molecular interaction requiring energy.

• Sodium-Potassium Pump:

  • Essential for maintaining concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ ions across the membrane.

Conclusion

• Understanding transport mechanisms is vital for comprehending cellular functions and overall physiology in medical scenarios.

• Importance in midwifery practice lies in recognizing patient conditions based on physiological principles.

Acknowledgment

• Thank You for Attention!

Course Overview

Course Title: Physiology I BSc. Midwifery 100Semester: OneCourse Code: MIDW 155Credit Hours: 2Instructor: Francis Borsongdeme Bayuo (Sir. BB)Contact: francis.borsongdeme@gcuc.edu.gh

Course Expectations

Active participation in discussions, timely submission of assignments, and engagement with course materials are expected from students.

Course Content

• Cell Functions:

  • Cell Membrane: Transport across cell membrane (osmosis, diffusion, active transport), cell reproduction mechanisms (mitosis, meiosis), sex determination, genetics.

• Tissue Functions:

  • Various functions of different tissue types in the body.

• Homeostasis:

  • Mechanism covering extracellular and intracellular environments, feedback systems, disturbances in homeostasis.

• Skeletal System:

  • Functions, ossification (intramembranous and intra-cartilaginous), bone growth, joint functions, conditions (e.g., arthritis).

• Muscular System:

  • Muscle actions and contraction mechanisms.

• Blood Functions:

  • Roles of blood including formation of blood cells, clotting mechanisms, blood group classifications.

• Heart Functions:

  • Role of heart valves, conducting mechanisms, nervous control of activities.

• Circulatory Mechanism:

  • Pulse and blood pressure, measurement techniques, distinctions between arterial pressure and venous return.

• Lymphatic System:

  • Functions related to fluid balance and immune response.

Student Evaluation

• Class Score (30%): Assignments, quizzes, mid-sem exams, presentations, attendance, class participation.

• End of Semester Examination (70%): Essays, multiple choice questions (MCQs), matching questions, reasons and assertions.

Introduction to Physiology

Importance of physiology in clinical settings, particularly in midwifery, including identifying physiological reasons behind clinical symptoms.

Conclusion

Understanding transport mechanisms is crucial for cellular functions and overall physiology in medical scenarios, especially in recognizing patient conditions based on physiological principles.