Ch 1-4 Intro to Kinesiology

Chapter 1: Introduction to Kinesiology

• Definition of Kinesiology

  • Study of human movement.

  • Integrates various disciplines including:

  • Anatomy: Study of the structure of the body.

  • Physiology: Study of the function of the body's systems.

  • Physics: Principles that govern movement and mechanics.

  • Geometry: Shapes and spatial relationships related to movement.

• Key Concepts:

  • Biomechanics:

  • Examines the mechanical principles related to human body movements.

  • Examples: Levers and pulleys in the human system.

  • Kinetics:

  • Study of forces causing movement.

  • Kinematics:

  • Focus on time, space, and mass aspects of motion.

Descriptive Terminology

• Anatomical Position:

  • Standing upright, facing front, arms at sides, palms forward.

• Directional Terms:

  • Medial: Closer to the midline of the body.

  • Lateral: Farther from the midline of the body.

  • Anterior (Ventral): Front of the body.

  • Posterior (Dorsal): Back of the body.

  • Distal: Farther from a point of reference (often the trunk).

  • Proximal: Closer to a point of reference.

  • Superior: Above or higher than another part.

  • Inferior: Below or lower than another part.

  • Cranial: Towards the head (top).

  • Caudal: Towards the tail (bottom).

  • Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body.

  • Deep: Further from the surface of the body.

  • Bilateral: Relating to both sides of the body.

  • Contralateral: Relating to opposite sides of the body.

  • Ipsilateral: Relating to the same side of the body.

Types of Motion

• Linear Motion (Translatory):

  • Motion in a straight line from one point to another.

  • Rectilinear: Straight line movement (e.g., from point A to B).

  • Curvilinear: Movement in a straight line but follows a curved path.

• Angular Motion (Rotary):

  • Movement around a fixed axis.

  • Example: A spinning top or the rotation of limbs around joints.

  • Most human body movements involve angular motion.

Joint Movements

• Osteokinematics:

  • Movement of bones around a joint axis.

  • Includes flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, etc.

• Arthrokinematics:

  • Movement of joint surfaces on one another.

  • Types of joint surface movements include spin, roll, glide.

Osteokinematic Movements

• Flexion:

  • Approximation of joint surfaces leading to a decrease in joint angle.

• Extension:

  • Movement of joint surfaces away from one another, resulting in an increase in joint angle.

• Hyperextension:

  • Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position.

  • Commonly seen in knees and elbows.

• Abduction:

  • Movement away from the midline of the body.

• Adduction:

  • Movement toward the midline of the body.

• Horizontal Motion:

  • Horizontal Abduction: Movement forward (shoulder).

  • Horizontal Adduction: Movement backward (shoulder).

Radial and Ulnar Deviation

• Radial Deviation: Hand moving laterally towards the thumb.

• Ulnar Deviation: Hand moving medially towards the pinky.

Lateral Bending and Circumduction

• Lateral Bending: Trunk movement sideways (cervical/lumbar bending).

• Circumduction: Circular, cone-shaped movement pattern combining flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction (seen in shoulder, hips, and thumb).

Rotational Movements

• Medial (Internal) Rotation: Anterior surface rolls inward toward the midline.

• Lateral (External) Rotation: Anterior surface rolls outward, away from the midline.

Chapter 2: The Skeletal System

Functions of the Skeletal System

• Support and Shape: Provides structure for the body.

• Protection: Safeguards vital organs.

• Movement Assistance: Facilitates movement through joint function.

• Blood Cell Production: Hematopoiesis occurs within bones.

• Mineral Storage: Stores calcium and other mineral salts.

Types of Skeletons

• Axial Skeleton:

  • Includes the skull, spine, and ribs.

• Appendicular Skeleton:

  • Comprises extremities and hips.

Types of Bone

• Composition of Bone:

  • Made of fibrous, cartilaginous, osseous, nervous, and vascular tissue.

• Compact Bone:

  • Description: Hard, dense outer layer.

• Cancellous Bone:

  • Description: Porous, spongy inner portion (contains trabeculae).

  • Function: Resists stress and strain while being lightweight due to bone marrow presence.

Structure of Bone

• Epiphysis:

  • Area at the end of a long bone (osseous in adults).

• Epiphyseal Plate:

  • Cartilaginous area in growing bones that allows for longitudinal growth.

• Diaphysis:

  • Main shaft of a long bone.

• Medullary Canal:

  • Hollow center of the bone.

• Endosteum:

  • Membrane lining the medullary canal, containing osteoclasts.

• Metaphysis:

  • The flared portion that connects diaphysis and epiphysis.

• Periosteum:

  • Thin membrane covering the bone.

Types of Bone Shapes

• Long Bones: Length exceeds width; predominant in the appendicular skeleton.

• Short Bones: Cube-shaped and articulate with more than one bone (e.g., carpals and tarsals).

• Flat Bones: Broad surfaces that are not very thick (e.g., scapula, ilium, cranial bones).

• Irregular Bones: Vary in shape and do not fit other categories (e.g., vertebrae).

• Sesamoid Bones: Small bones within tendons (e.g., patella, pisiform).

Common Skeletal Pathologies

• Fracture: A broken bone.

• Osteoporosis: Loss of bone density.

• Osteomyelitis: Infection of the bone.

• Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease: Necrosis of the femoral head.

• Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE): Displacement of the femoral head due to growth plate separation.

• Osgood-Schlatter Disease: Condition affecting the tibial tuberosity.

Chapter 3: Articular System

Overview of the Articular System

• A joint connects two bones.

• Main Functions:

  • Allows motion.

  • Helps bear weight.

  • Provides stability.

Types of Joints

• Fibrous Joints:

  • Joint type involving a thin layer of periosteum between bones, generally immovable.

  • Categories:

  • Synarthrosis: Ends of bones interlock, no motion occurs (e.g., sutures of skull).

  • Syndesmosis: Ligamentous joint allowing slight movement.

  • Gomphosis: Peg-in-socket joint (e.g., teeth within the mandible/maxilla).

• Cartilaginous Joints:

  • Either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connects the bones.

  • Allow small movements, provide stability, and absorb shock (e.g., discs in spine).

• Synovial Joints:

  • Characterized by a cavity filled with synovial fluid, allowing free movement.

  • Examples: Most joints in the body (e.g., ball and socket joints).

Types of Synovial Joints

• Nonaxial Joints:

  • Movement is linear; joint surfaces glide over each other (e.g., carpal bones).

• Uniaxial Joints:

  • Allow angular motion in one plane (e.g., hinge joints like the elbow).

• Biaxial Joints:

  • Motion occurs in two planes (e.g., wrist allows flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation).

• Triaxial Joints (Ball and Socket):

  • Motion can occur around all three axes (e.g., shoulder and hip joints).

Joint Structure

• Consists of:

  • Bones: Provide stability and structure.

  • Ligaments: Fibrous connective tissue that supports joints.

  • Synovial Capsule: Encloses the synovial joint, containing two layers:

  • Outer Layer: Fibrous tissue supports the joint.

  • Inner Layer: Synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.

• Cartilage: Three main types:

  • Hyaline Cartilage: Covers ends of long bones.

  • Fibrocartilage: Acts as a shock absorber (e.g., meniscus).

  • Elastic Cartilage: Provides flexible support (e.g., in the ear).

• Joint Structures:

  • Bursae: Small, fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction at joints.

  • Tendons: Connect muscles to bones, providing force to facilitate movement.

  • Aponeurosis: Flat tendinous sheets that provide attachment points.

Cardinal Planes

• Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into right and left; primarily involves flexion and extension.

• Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides body into front and back; involves abduction and adduction.

• Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides body into top and bottom; involves internal and external rotation.

Axes of Joint Motion

• Sagittal Axis (X): Associated with ab/adduction.

• Frontal Axis (Z): Associated with flexion/extension.

• Vertical Axis (Y): Associated with internal/external rotation.

Degrees of Freedom

• Describes movement capability based on joint type:

  • Uniaxial: Movement in one plane.

  • Biaxial: Movement in two planes.

  • Triaxial: Movement in three planes.

Common Pathological Terms

• Dislocation: Complete separation of joint surfaces.

• Subluxation: Partial dislocation of a joint.

• Osteoarthritis: Cartilage breakdown; commonly affects weight-bearing joints.

• Sprain: Partial/complete tearing of a ligament.

• Strain: Overstretching or tearing of muscle fibers.

Chapter 4: Arthrokinematics

Osteokinematics

• End-feel:

  • Sensation felt at the end of the range of motion, indicating the stop of motion.

  • Types of End-feel:

  • Hard End-feel: Bone-on-bone contact restricts further motion.

  • Firm End-feel: Stopped by ligaments or capsules.

  • Empty End-feel: Stopped due to pain.

  • Soft End-feel: Stopped by contact with soft tissue (e.g., muscle mass during flexion).

Arthrokinematics

• Definition: Movement of joint surfaces during osteokinematic (bony) movements.

• Occurs involuntarily with one side of the joint remaining stable while the opposing surface moves.

Convex-Concave Rule

• When a convex surface moves on a stable concave surface, sliding occurs in the opposite direction of the bony lever motion.

• When a concave surface moves on a stable convex surface, sliding occurs in the same direction as the bony lever motion.

Accessory Motion

• Definition: Motions accompanying classical movements, essential for full range of motion and painless function.

• Joint Play: Involuntary movements in response to external forces.

• Component Movements: Movements taking place within a joint to facilitate larger active motions (e.g., tibia slipping anteriorly during knee extension).

Joint Mobilization and Manipulation

• Joint Mobilization: Passive, oscillatory motion applied at slow speeds, allowing individuals to stop motion; used to improve mobility.

• Joint Manipulation: Quick, passive movement within a short range and forceful thrust that cannot be stopped.

Joint Surface Shapes

• Shapes influence joint motion:

  • Convex: Curved outward.

  • Concave: Curved inward.

  • Sellar Joints: Each joint surface concave in one direction and convex in another (e.g., CMC joint of the thumb).

  • Ovoid Joints: One end convex and the other concave (e.g., most synovial joints).

Joint Mobility Conditions

• Hypomobile: Limited movement due to tight soft tissue structures or muscle dysfunction.

• Hypermobile: Excessive motion resulting from overstretched ligaments or damaged surfaces.

Positions of Joints

• Close-Packed Position:

  • Ligaments and capsule are taut with maximal contact between joint surfaces.

  • Usually occurs at end range.

• Loose-Packed Position:

  • Ligaments and capsule are slack, allowing increased joint play.

  • Achieved at mid-range.

Types of Arthrokinematic Motion

1. Roll: Movement across the surface, changing points of contact.

2. Glide (Slide): Linear motion where a point on one surface slides over different points on another surface.

3. Spin: Turning motion on or around another surface, maintaining contact points.

Concave-Convex Pattern of Movement

• Convex Movable Surface: Rolls in one direction and slides in the opposite direction.

• Concave Movable Surface: Rolls and slides in the same direction.

Effect of Immobilization on Joints

• Immobilization results in several adverse changes:

  • Decreased collagen content in ligaments and tendons, leading to weakened tissues.

  • Shortening of joint capsules increases resistance to movement.

  • Thinning of articular cartilage due to decreased nutrition from lack of synovial fluid.

  • Decreased collagen and mineral content in bone.

  • Muscle atrophy begins after 24 hours of immobilization.