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Chapter 18: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders: The Brain Unhinged

Multiple Choice Questions

General Concepts
  • Psychiatric Disorder Definition: A disorder of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment by a psychiatrist is called a psychiatric disorder.
    • Answer: B) psychiatric
Diagnostic Challenges in Psychiatry
  • Difficulty in Diagnosing Psychiatric Disorders:
    • Patients suffering from the same psychiatric disorder often display different symptoms.
    • Patients suffering from different psychiatric disorders often display the same symptoms.
    • Answer: D) both A and B
Schizophrenia Statistics
  • Prevalence of Schizophrenia: Approximately 1% of the adult population suffers from schizophrenia.
    • Answer: C) 1%
  • Onset of Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood.
    • Answer: C) adolescence or early adulthood
Symptoms and Types of Schizophrenia
  • Unique Symptoms in Catatonic Schizophrenia: Catatonic schizophrenic patients often experience waxy flexibility when moved.
    • Answer: B) waxy flexibility
  • Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Symptoms that are added (positive) include:
    • Hallucinations
    • Inappropriate affect
    • Delusions
    • Incoherent speech or thought
    • Answer: E) all of the above
Hallucinations
  • Common Forms of Hallucinations in Schizophrenia: Often take the form of imaginary voices making critical comments or telling the patient what to do.
    • Answer: D) imaginary voices making critical comments or telling the patient what to do.
Symptom Classification
  • Categories of Schizophrenia Symptoms: Symptoms of schizophrenia are divided into positive and negative categories.
    • Answer: A) positive and negative
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
  • Hereditary Probability: The probability that a close biological relative of a patient suffering from schizophrenia will also be diagnosed with schizophrenia is about 10%.
    • Answer: C) 10%
  • Monozygotic vs. Dizygotic Twin Studies: Studies suggest schizophrenia is greatly influenced by genetic factors.
    • Answer: C) is greatly influenced by genetic factors
Concordance Rates in Twins
  • Concordance Rate in Monozygotic Twins: About 45% concordance rate for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins.
    • Answer: E) about 45%
Environmental Factors in Schizophrenia
  • Concordance Rate Comparisons: The concordance rate for identical twins is much less than 100% but much more than 50%.
    • Answer: B) much less than 100%
  • Early Experiential Factors in Schizophrenia: All of the above factors such as stress, faulty autoimmune reactions, infections, and exposure to toxins have been implicated.
    • Answer: E) all of the above
Antipsychotic Medications
  • Chlorpromazine:
    • Originally developed as an antihistamine, effective in treating schizophrenia.
    • Answer: C) was originally developed as an antihistamine.
  • First Antipsychotic Drugs: The first two antipsychotic drugs were chlorpromazine and reserpine.
    • Answer: B) chlorpromazine and reserpine.
  • Precaution about Reserpine: Reserpine is not commonly used due to its potential to produce dangerous decreases in blood pressure.
    • Answer: C) can produce a dangerous decrease in blood pressure.
  • Psychotropic Drugs Triggering Schizophrenia: Amphetamines and cocaine can trigger episodes at high doses.
    • Answer: E) both A and B
Antipsychotic Mechanisms
  • Dopamine Antagonists: Chlorpromazine acts as a dopamine antagonist, preventing dopamine from binding to receptors without activating them.
    • Answer: C) dopamine antagonist
  • Haloperidol: Known as a potent neuroleptic medication and D2 receptor ligand.
    • Answer: D) all of the above
Neuroleptics Effectiveness
  • Classical Neuroleptics: Generally, conventional neuroleptics are more effective against positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
    • Answer: B) positive schizophrenic symptoms.
  • Atypical Neuroleptics: Clozapine is the first atypical neuroleptic affecting serotonin and dopamine receptors.
    • Answer: B) the first atypical neuroleptic.
Psychoactive Substances
  • Psychedelic Drugs Classification: Disassociative anesthetics like ketamine act as dopamine antagonists and can mimic symptoms of schizophrenia.
    • Answer: E) both B and D
Treatment Efficacy Studies
  • Treatment Differences: Studies indicate that overall antidepressants benefitted 25% more patients than placebos.
    • Answer: D) all of the above
Depression and Affective Disorders
  • Clinical Depression Duration: To qualify for clinical depression (major depressive disorder), symptoms must last more than 2 weeks.
    • Answer: A) last more than 2 weeks
  • Types of Depression: Divided into reactive and endogenous (no clear cause).
    • Answer 1: B) endogenous
Co-morbidity and Treatments
  • Comorbidity of Disorders: Clinical depression substantially increases the likelihood of anxiety disorders, which can be treated with benzodiazepines.
    • Answer: D) tend to occur together in the same individuals.
Research and Clinical Trials
  • Clinical Trial Phases: Human clinical trials are typically conducted in 3 phases.
    • Answer: B) 3
  • Importance of Placebos: An ideal placebo must produce the same psychological effects as the drug under investigation.
    • Answer: C) psychological
Conclusions from Research Studies
  • Clinical Challenges: Many individuals struggle with psychiatric disorders that impact their daily functioning and require a comprehensive treatment approach, including both pharmacological and psychotherapy interventions.