changing of states particles arrangement distillation chromatography

Here’s a clear revision guide for changing states + particle arrangement + distillation + chromatography 👇

🌡 1. Changing State of Matter

🔹 What is Change of State?

  • When a substance changes between solid, liquid, and gas

🔹 Key Changes

  • Melting → solid → liquid

  • Freezing → liquid → solid

  • Boiling/Evaporation → liquid → gas

  • Condensation → gas → liquid

🔹 Important Idea

  • No new substance is formed → physical change

⚛ 2. Particle Arrangement

🔹 Solids

  • Particles are closely packed

  • Fixed positions → only vibrate

🔹 Liquids

  • Particles are close but can move past each other

🔹 Gases

  • Particles are far apart

  • Move freely and quickly

🔹 Summary Table

State

Arrangement

Movement

Energy

Solid

Tightly packed

Vibrate

Low

Liquid

Close together

Flow

Medium

Gas

Spread out

Rapid/random

High

🔹 Key Idea

  • Heating increases particle energy → causes change of state

🧪 3. Distillation

🔹 What is Distillation?

  • A method to separate liquids based on different boiling points

👉 Key concept: distillation

🔹 Simple Distillation Process

  1. Heat the mixture

  2. Liquid with lowest boiling point evaporates first

  3. Vapour travels and cools

  4. Condenses back into liquid and is collected

🔹 Used For

  • Separating water from salt solution

  • Producing pure liquids

🔹 Key Equipment

  • Flask

  • Condenser

  • Heat source

🧫 4. Chromatography

🔹 What is Chromatography?

  • A technique used to separate mixtures of substances

👉 Key concept: chromatography

🔹 How It Works

  1. Spot mixture on paper

  2. Place in solvent

  3. Solvent moves up paper

  4. Substances move at different speeds

🔹 Why Substances Separate

  • Different solubility in solvent

  • Different attraction to paper

🔹 Rf Value (Higher Level)

Rf=distance moved by substancedistance moved by solventRf = \frac{\text{distance moved by substance}}{\text{distance moved by solvent}}Rf=distance moved by solventdistance moved by substance​

🔹 Uses

  • Food colouring analysis

  • Forensic science

🔗 Big Links

  • Particle theory explains changes of state

  • Distillation uses boiling and condensation

  • Chromatography separates substances based on movement

⭐ Exam Tips

  • State = arrangement + movement + energy

  • Distillation → mention boiling point difference

  • Chromatography → mention solubility

  • Learn all state changes (very common!)