Chapter 2 ppt

Ecology of Socialization

Socialization Processes

Aims of Socialization

•Develop self-concept

•Enable self-regulation

•Empower achievement

•Teach appropriate social goals

•Implement developmental skills

Terms

•Self-Concept

–An individual’s perception of his or her identity as distinct from that of others

•Self-Esteem

–The value one places on his/her identity

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Name Developmental Stage. Task

Trust vs. Mistrust Infancy Develop a basic sense of trust

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Early Childhood Develop autonomy

Initiative vs. Guilt Play Age Develop imitative

Industry vs inferiority school age Develop feelings of competence

Identity vs. Identity Diffusion Adolescence Integrate early self with changing self

Intimacy vs. Isolation Young Adulthood Establish intimacy

Generativity vs. Self-Absorption. Adulthood Establish and guide the next generation

Integrity vs. Despair Senescence Reach end of life

Self-Regulation

•The ability to control one’s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions. . .  until an appropriate time, place, or object is available for expression

AIMS of Socialization

•Empower Achievement

•Teach Appropriate Social Goals

Developmental Task

•A task that lies between an individual need and a societal demand

Agents of Socialization

•Family

•School and Child Care

•Peers

•Mass Media

•The Community

Egocentrism

•The cognitive inability to look at the world from any point of view other than one’s own

Cultural Differences

Orientation Collectivist / Individualistic

Coping Style Active/Passive

Attitude Toward Authority Submissive Egalitarian

Communication Style Open-Expressive/ Restrained-Private

Methods of Socialization

Methods

•Affective

•Operant

•Observational

•Cognitive

•Sociocultural

•Apprenticeship

Affective Methods

•Include

–responses to others

–feelings about self

–feelings about others

–expression of emotion

Attachment

•An affectional tie that one person forms to another person, binding them together in space and enduring over time

Operant Methods

•Operant:  Producing an effect

•Reinforcement

–An object or event presented following a behavior that serves to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur

•Extinction

–The gradual disappearance of a learned behavior following the removal of the reinforcement

 •Punishment

–Physical or psychologically painful stimuli or the temporary withdrawal of pleasant stimuli when undesirable behavior occurs

•Feedback

–Evaluative information, both positive and negative, about one’s behavior

Observational Methods

•Modeling

–A form of imitative learning that occurs by observing another person (the model) perform a behavior and experience its consequence

Cognitive Methods

•Instruction

•Setting Standards 

•Reasoning

–Giving explanations or causes for an act

Parenting Styles

•Authoritarian

•Parent-centered; Characterized by unquestioning obedience to authority

•Permissive

•Child-centered;  Characterized by lack of directives or authority

•Authoritative

•Democratic;  Authority is based on competence or expertise

Apprenticeship

•A process in which a novice is guided by an expert to participate in and master tasks

•Structuring

•Collaborating

•Transferring

Outcomes of Socialization

Outcomes

•Values

•Attitudes

•Motives and attributions

•Self-esteem

•Self-regulation/behavior

•Morals

•Gender roles