HST 103 Final

Social Darwinism:: A mindset that encouraged European superiority. Led to displacement and destruction of “unfit” races. Made imperialism, war, and aggression seem natural and progressive. Primary Source: White Man’s Burden

Scramble for Africa :: The process by which European countries partitioned Africa amongst themselves between 1875-1900. Contributed to economic, social, and political underdevelopment by spurring ethnic-tainted civil conflict and discrimination and by shaping the ethnic composition, size, shape and landlocked status of the newly independent states. Primary Source: CAPT. F.D. LUCARD:THE RISE OF OUR EAST AFRICAN EMPIRE, Black Man’s burden

New imperialism :: Period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Marked the end of indecision over the choice of imperialist military and political policies. Primary Source: JULES FERRY: ON FRENCH COLONIAL EXPANSION

Scientific racism :: A new kind of racism that emerged in the nineteenth century that increasingly used the prestige and apparatus of science to support European racial prejudices and preferences. The prominence of race in distinguishing rulers as “superior” to the ruled.

Eugenics:: the study of how to arrange reproduction within a human population to increase the occurrence of heritable characteristics regarded as desirable. Part of scientific racism. Nazi’s used it’s principles to justify their treatment of jews.

Civilizing mission :: European’s understanding of empire as to civilize other races by bringing Christianity, good government, education, work discipline, and production for the market to colonized peoples, while suppressing “native customs,” such as polygamy, that ran counter to Western ways of living. Used to justify and legitimize the establishment and continuation of overseas colonies, both to subject peoples and to citizens or subjects in the homeland. Primary Source: JULES FERRY: ON FRENCH COLONIAL EXPANSION

Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858 :: Massive uprising of parts of India against British rule caused by the introduction to the colony’s military forces of a new cartridge smeared with animal fat from pigs and cows, which caused strife among Muslims, who regarded pigs as unclean, and Hindus, who venerated cows. It came to express a variety of grievances against the colonial order. Substantially transformed the character of the colonial experience. Even when Europeans exercised political power, they could not do precisely as they pleased. Empire, formal and informal alike, was always in some ways a negotiated arrangement. Primary Source: The Azamgarh Proclamation

Informal empire :: Areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but retained their own governments and a measure of independence

Opium Wars :: Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1840–1842 and 1856–1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions. Shifting balance of global power. Primary Source: A Report to the Emperor: Problems of Industrialization

Self-strengthening movements :: China’s program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of traditional principles and limited borrowing from the West. Part of China’s response to their mounting internal crises. Failure of these movements led to the Boxer Rebellion. Primary Source: A Report to the Emperor: Problems of Industrialization

Meiji Restoration :: The political takeover of Japan in 1868 by a group of young samurai from southern Japan. The samurai eliminated the shogun and claimed they were restoring to power the young emperor, Meiji. The new government was committed to saving Japan from foreign domination by drawing upon what the modern West had to offer to transform Japanese society. Turning point in Japan’s history.

Tanzimat :: Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term “Tanzimat” means “reorganization”. Began a long process of modernization and westernization in the Ottoman Empire.

Serbian nationalism :: Serbian nationalism asserts that Serbs are a nation and promotes the cultural and political unity of Serbs. It is an ethnic nationalism, originally arising in the context of the general rise of nationalism in the Balkans under Ottoman rule. Led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire, during and after World War I when it contributed to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and again during the breakup of Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s.

Treaty of Versailles :: The 1919 treaty that officially ended World War I; the immense penalties it placed on Germany are regarded as one of the causes of World War II. Signified the end of WWI, created immense resentment in Germany that led to WWII.

Total war :: War that requires each country involved to mobilize its entire population in the effort to defeat the enemy. the authority of governments expanded greatly, continuing a long-term strengthening of state power across much of Europe. Total war propaganda. Primary Source: Women of Britain Say -- “Go!”

Armenian Genocide :: The systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Implemented primarily through the mass murder of around one million Armenians during death marches to the Syrian Desert and the forced Islamization of Armenian women and children. brought a final end to a declining Ottoman Empire. they established a precedent on which the Nazis later built

Self-determination :: the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government. Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and other nations were based on the principle of self-determination after WWI.

Russian Revolution (1917) :: Massive revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership of Lenin. Was caused by WWI. After the war, Russia officially called themselves communist.

Bolsheviks :: a member of the Russian Communist Party. Ended up being leaders of Russia after the 1917 revolution.

Guomindang :: The Chinese Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek that governed from 1928 until its overthrow by the communists in 1949. Had control over China for a long time.

Chinese Revolution :: An event that marks the coming to power of the Chinese Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong, following a decades-long struggle against both domestic opponents and Japanese imperialism. Marks coming to power of Chinese Communist Party and shift to communism in China.

Nuremberg laws :: ended German citizenship for Jews and forbade marriage or sexual relations between Jews and Germans. Started terrorizing of Jews in Nazi Germany.

Fascism :: Political ideology that considered the conflict of nations to be the driving force of history. Fascists praised violence against enemies as a renewing force in society, celebrated action rather than reflection, and placed their faith in a charismatic leader. Fascists also bitterly condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism. Enemy to communism. Many fascist movements were seen around the world. First fascist state was in Italy.

Bretton Woods System :: the agreements and institutions set up to regulate commercial and financial dealings among the major capitalist countries. Put in place to avoid a second great depression and economic contraction.

Truman Doctrine :: the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or Communist insurrection. was seen by the Communists as an open declaration of the Cold War.

Marshall Plan :: U.S. government initiative to aid in the post–World War II recovery of Western Europe that was put into effect in 1948. Element of European recovery from WWII. also fueled by a desire to prevent a second great depression.

NATO :: North Atlantic Treaty Organization. A military alliance, created in 1949, between the United States and various European countries, largely aimed at defending against the threat of Soviet aggression during the cold war. created a largely voluntary American sphere of influence in Western Europe.

European Economic Community :: An alliance formed in 1957 by six Western European countries dedicated to developing common trade policies and reduced tariffs; it gradually developed into the larger European Union. Contributed to the ability of the major Western European countries to integrate their recovering economies. Sustained Europe’s remarkable economic recovery and expressed a larger European identity.

Cold War :: Geopolitical and ideological conflict between communist regimes and capitalist powers after World War II, spreading from Eastern Europe through Asia; characterized by the avoidance of direct military conflict between the USSR and the United States and an arms race in nuclear weapons. shaped American foreign policy and political ideology, impacted the domestic economy and the presidency, and affected the personal lives of Americans creating a climate of expected conformity and normalcy. Primary Source: Consumerism and Cold War

Hot Wars :: Also called the proxy wars, were fought in regions of Korea, Vietnam and Cambodia during the cold war. Defined borders and new independent countries.

Indian National Congress :: The political party led by Mahatma Gandhi that succeeded in bringing about Indian independence from Britain in 1947. Major part of India’s independence movement.

Muslim League :: Political group formed in response to the Indian National Congress in India’s struggle for independence from Britain; the League’s leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, argued that regions of India with a Muslim majority should form a separate state called Pakistan. Led to the separation of Muslim and Hindus into different countries after Britain left India. Primary Source: Independence Day Speech

African National Congress :: The African National Congress is a social-democratic political party in South Africa. A liberation movement known for its opposition to apartheid, it has governed the country since 1994. Worked for the rights of south africans.

Apartheid:: a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. civil rights. Primary Source: Photogram of the First Post-Apartheid South African Election.

Decolonization :: Process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement and in some cases through violent military confrontations. marked a dramatic change in the world’s political architecture. It mobilized millions of people, thrusting them into political activity and sometimes into violence and warfare. Decolonization signaled the declining legitimacy of both empire and race as a credible basis for political or social life. It promised not only national freedom but also personal dignity, opportunity, and prosperity.

Non-Aligned Movement

Definition: a forum of 120 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc

Significance: an effort by some countries to counterbalance the rapid bi-polarization of the world during the Cold War

Third World

Definition: political grouping of countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact

Significance: It was also sometimes taken as synonymous with countries in the Non-Aligned Movement.

Global South

Definition: a term often used to identify regions within Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania.

Significance: largely corresponds with the developing countries previously called "Third World,

Globalization of democracy

Definition: Late twentieth-century political shift that brought popular movements, multiparty elections, and new constitutions to countries around the world.

Significance: This included the end of military and autocratic rule in Spain, Portugal, and Greece as well as the stunning rise of democratic movements, parties, and institutions amid the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

International Monetary Fund

Definition: a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution. mission is "working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

Significance: helps the economy or whatever

Export-processing zones

Definition: Areas where international companies can operate with tax and other benefits, offered as an incentive to attract manufacturers.

Significance: part of global manufacturing growth

Transnational corporations

Definition: Global businesses that produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries

Significance: important to the acceleration of economic globalization

Fundamentalism(s)

Definition: a form of a religion that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture. Can also be interpreted to other things.

Significance: response to modernity and globalization within the Islamic world

Second-wave feminism

Definition: second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women’s right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.

Significance: equal rights agenda

Feminism in the Global South

Definition: Mobilization of women across Asia, Africa, and Latin America; distinct from Western feminism because of its focus on issues such as colonialism, racism, and poverty, rather than those exclusively related to gender.

Significance: equal rights agenda

Labor Migration

Definition: The movement of people, often illegally, into another country to escape poverty or violence and to seek opportunities for work that are less available in their own countries.

Significance: significant pattern of global migration

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