Bio Cram

Unit 3

Photosynthesis Learn

Light dependent rxns

  • light-dependent rxns capture light energy by using light-absorbing molecules (pigments)

  • pigments transform light energy to chemical energy → stored in NADPH

  • light-dependent rxns facilitate ATP synthesis

  • ATP + NADPH store chemical energy to power the Calvin Cycle

  • oxygen produced from hydrolysis

Chlorophyll

  • capture energy from sunlight → convert to high energy electrons

    • electrons energized (have energy) → establish proton gradient AND reduce NADP+ to NADPH

Photosystems I and II

  • photosystem is a light-capturing unit in chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane

  • Why is hydrolysis of water necessary for PSII and light-dependent rxns?

    • water splitting → hydrogen molecules released into thylakoid space → electrochemical/proton gradient

  • How are PSI/PSII functionally related to ETC?

    • PSII and PSI pass high-energy electrons to the ETC

  • proton gradient → ATP synthesis

    • PS uses form of passive transport to generate ATP from ADP

    • ATP synthase needs protons to create ATP

Calvin Cycle

  • Reactants: ATP, NADPH, CO2 → Products: carbohydrates (i.e. glucose, cellulose, etc)

    • Remember plants get CO2 from environment

General stuff to know

  • matthew said i need to know the # of NADP+ to nADPH or somehting

C/R Learn

  • C/R + fermentation release chemical energy from organic molecules

    • fermentation and anaerobic respiration are NOT the same

  • Glycolysis pyruvate oxidation Krebs Cycle ETC

  • ETC

  • membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria + cell membranes of prokayotes

  • allows for controlled and efficient TRANSFER of energy

  • ETC’s use the energy in electrons to establish electrochem/proton gradients across membranes

  • NADH + FADH2 are electron carriers (bring e- to ETC)

  • The energy from electrons → conformation change in proteins → pump H+ → electrochemical gradient

Oxidative Phosphorylation

  • process of making ATP using stored energy of proton gradient

  • decoupling oxidative phosphorylation means → not all H+ flowing back to the matrix passes through ATP synthase → energy is released as heat → endotherms use to regulate body temp

Glycolysis

  • results in production of pyruvate, NADH, and ATP

    • NAD+ gets reduced into NADH (way less than Krebs)

  • pyruvate is actively transported through mitochondrial membranes to matrix

  • pyruvate oxidized → product of the pyruvate oxidation enters Krebs Cycle

Krebs

  • Krebs is what recharges NADH and FADH2 to keep bringing electrons to ETC to power oxidative phosphorylation

  • Krebs also makes tiny amount sof ATP

Fermentation

  • allows glycolysis to proceed w/out oxygen

  • lactic acid and ethanol byproducts

General

  • Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor

Unit 6

MCQ

  • A corepressor is a molecule that binds to a repressor protein and activates it, allowing the repressor to bind to the operator and block transcription.

U7

General

  • don’t get ap stats chi squared confused w bio’s