The Collision of Cultures in the 16th Century

Focus questions

  1.  Why were there so many diverse human societies in the americas b4 humans arrived 

  2. What major developments in europe enabled the age of exploration 

  3. How did the spanish conquer and colonize the americas

  4. How did the columbian exchange between the “old” and “new” worlds affect both societies

  5. In what ways did the spanish form of colonization shape north american history


First Human Migrations in America

  • Paleo indians

  • Early cultures in america

  • Hunter and gathering

  • Farming

First came to america 1650 years ago

People in pacific who sailed to south america 

First settlers nomadic would populate as they traveled wherever herd landed they landed and procreated

Once people came from bearing land bridge people hunted them to extinction

7000 b.c.e a lot of american hunter gatherer society became farmers , settled in permanent/semi permanent area, or would settle until herd started moving again 

Everything they did depended on geography of where they lived.

Central and south american advanced societies


Corn, Beans, and Squash

Native to americas, primary food crops for societies.

People who grew corn saw corn as a gift from gods, corn provided for all needs, eat corn, corn husks as fuel, doll clothes, rugs, etc.


Maya society

  • Maya of mesoamerica

  • Toltecs of mesoamerica

The maya are in present day mexico, created permanent farming towns (1500 bce)

Maya culture only lasted 1500-900 years and crashed 900 c.e. The maya did affect their ecosystem, farming impacted in  -too many farmers grew too many crops, used too much land and killed soil. Overpopulation add strain on maya society causes civil wars]

Maya replace by Toltecs only lasted 300 years crashed 1200 BC, evidence of fire invasions and 


The Mexicas (aztects)

  • Nomadic mexicas

  • Tenochtitlan

  • Mexica empire

Residences outside tenochtitlan built on lake moved from a place they called actlan in the 13th century, in 1325 they took most of the area in present mexico. Nobility priests warriors 5 % of the population other 95% merchants farmers enslaved people. When mexico gained in independent in 1601 not known as Aztecs b4 1601. When the Spanish invaded they found a network of roads served 371 city states in 71 provinces. Found a very diverse set up society. Used techniques for agriculture like terristfeild, used crop rotation, and rotate throughout years, helps feed their society and help other societies. When the Spanish arrived they were in awe, Mexica were very religious (polytheistic) sun moon stars, animals,  and worshiped elements. Rulers created god like qualities to stay in rule, mexica like demigods. Warriors heroes made up arosocristy they were guaranteed to not be sacrificed. Required regular offering of human sacrifices, admits very specific rituals, used people captured in war. Because mexica were so warrior-like they are busy beating on society around them. Tenochtitlan taken over 1519.


North american civilizations around 1500

  • Diverse

  • Scholars estimate by 1492 there were 240 diff societies with many languages

  • Role of kinship (Clans)

  • Bands of clan formed larger groups called tribes

  • Warrior ethic

  • Gender roles

If you were exiled from tribe worst thing that can happen, when you lose connection to people lose connection to earth launch small scale raids foster warrior ethics for young men those raids focused on taking captivated rather than territorial gain. Gender roles also varied mena hunters and warriors women sometimes have political roles, mostly in a hunter society because those who stay behind will be the ones to make decisions. Women lead villages and have their rituals iriko nation matrilineal patrilineal women care for children, in charge of planting, hunting and harvest food. Jewelry baskets pottery, build nad pack up teepees and other structures.


Native american in 1500

  • Population 

8 mill

  • The southwest 

Hokokam

Anasazi

Pueblo (cliffside village)

  • Northwest

Haida 

kwakiutl

Nootka

  • Northwestern fishing, whaling sealing, also people up in alaska inuits, had abundant food resources in the northwest, and lots of plants. Leaders (chiefs), commoners, and slaves. Slaves are captives of war.

Native americans in 1500 cont.

  • Great plains tibe 

  • Adene and hopewell societies (700 bce to 200 ce)

  • Mississipians

Mound building 

Chaokia


Mounds are man made

Mississipians 800–1500 ce all cultures developed across north american trade networks go from gulf of mexico to canada. Chaokia most famous mississippians largest of settlements 1500 people at height farming and trading community large mounds with templed on them


Eastern woodland peoples

  • Algoquians

  • Iroquoians

  • Muskogean

  1. Each had subgroups within tribes, primarily where all fishers and hunters would  do some farming as well. Algoquians first things european saw when they game over lived in upper midwest as far south as mississippi/ along new england coast, hunted fished and forested for food grew three sisters, they are patrilineal

  2. The Iroquois league was composed of the seneca, onondaga, mohawk, the oneida, and cayuga. The iroquois became major enemy of algonquians iroquois lived south of algonquians iroquoian group apart of same linguistic family along with muskogians hunting and farming important to iroquois, they had more balanced role between man and women, only man could be a chief and only a women could be a clan mother. Men in charge of hunting and providing, women left the tribe and took care of the rest of the duties. Women= ife giver, miracles

  3. Muskogean lived along the gulf of Mexico in the southeast part of the US. members include creek indians, choctaw indians, chickasaw, seminole (@ war at  us for a century), natchez, apalachee, timucua,  Tended to be matrilineal had rigid class structure,villages usually set up with a town around the plaza.


Expansion of Europe

  • Fifteenth century change

  • Population growth

  •  Trade-based economy

  • Disintegration of feudalism

  • The renaissance

  • Desire for knowledge spurred by technological innovations

  • Role of compass and the astrolabe

Technological advancement helped ppl move along more freely, helped to climb social classes, changes in banking,currency, accounting, insurance, and changes in roles of towns, helped further spur in renovations trade based economy. Renaissance growth of arts culture and ways of thinking used to be called the dark ages because we used to think we lost knowledge. MEdieval europe helps people become more interested in science and discoveries help with ancient rome 

Renaissance did not reach all of Europe, not all affected in the same way. Emphasis out of humanisms helped shape decisions among new thinking patterns, helped with change among intellectuals and elites, helped understand land around and helped humans shape the earth and age of discovery. During the 1400s technological advancement,c compass was invented, astrolabe invented ( a ball that looks at the stars and helps make better versions of maps). MAp looks better after compass and astrolabe better development of trade, rise of trade or growth of trade towns and larger ships. Prior to the 15th century shipping trade was expensive and dangerous and did not have shipping tech prio to 15yth century it was not worth it to ship goods, very few people willing to risk lives to ship goods, money also too little to ship goods. Going to see rise in nation states, little kingdoms in western europe consoladate. Uniform currencies within nations. Trade reform and disintegration of trade barriers caused people to start to trade elsewhere. the rise of nation states created a lot of wealth which was then used to finance sea trade. England, France, Portugal, and Spain arose as nation states (Big 4) reached out into the Americas, settled western hemisphere. (England-America/new england Portugal-brazil france-canada Spain-western, united states, mexico, and central america.)


Christopher Columbus

Before Christopher Columbus syphilis not in animals, Christopher is Italian hired by king Ferdinand and queen Isabelle to find a new route to asia. Instead he lands in bahamas, thinks hes in india, sees natives and calls them indians. And cre set sea with 3 ships: santa maria pinta and   on october 12th saw land, made port and landed on bahamas and other caribbean islands. Was convinced he was in Asia, saw the tainous,sailed back and told everyone his discovery, made 4 total trips. Still looking for passage to asia, not look for the 4 G’s just for passage to asia. 


Columbus’s return and the treaty of Tordesillas

Reached island of san salvatore, from european view columbus helped the future colonization of americas, other western european countries will fight the claim he found t 1494 pope alexander the 6th signed treaty of tordesillas this gave spain claims of the non christians (entire western hemisphere) of western hemisphere, gave portugal claims over non christian part of eastern hemisphere (africa, eastern europe). Demarcation line in the 1495 line gets moved west to give Portugal a claim over brazil. Portugal has control of slave trade (at first) .  1499 map maker amerigo vespucci suggests that new land might be a new landmass/continent. Named america amerigo


Professional Explorers

Sponsored explorers by big 4 .If you see land and are sailing for one of the big 4 it is one of theirs, have to be new land. People wanted to be explored because when land was sited large rewards would come with it. John Cabot calls Newfoundland (Canada) political economic conflict in Ireland and England further attempts . Balboa first saw the pacific ocean when he was in panama. Ferdinand  and and his crew were the first people to circumnavigate the globe/travel around the globe. Drake passage dangerous due to currents magellan and sebastian del canos crew diminishing