7.6 Introduction to Working Memory

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory

• Discussion of limitations of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory.

  • Basic description of memory processes provided by the model.

  • Identification of need for updates to components of the model.

Introduction to Working Memory

• Definition of working memory as an elaboration of short-term memory.

  • Short-term memory in Atkinson-Shiffrin model described as passive.

  • Working memory as active information utilization.

  • Example provided: manipulating numbers (3, 5, 7).

• Importance of working memory:

  • Enables active engagement with information for various tasks.

  • Example calculations:

    • Addition: $3 + 5 + 7 = 15$.

    • Subtraction: $3 - 5 - 7 = -9$.

Structure of Working Memory

• Description of the composition of working memory:

  • Composed of multiple subcomponents:

  1. Phonological Loop.

  2. Visual-Spatial Sketchpad.

  3. Episodic Buffer.

  4. Central Executive.

• Explanation of each component:

Phonological Loop

• Definition: Working memory for sound information.

  • Holds auditory information and processes sound.

  • Comprised of:

    • Phonological Store: Holds auditory information briefly.

    • Duration of information retention: approximately 1-2 seconds.

    • Articulatory Control Process: Mental rehearsal to refresh information.

    • Example: To remember the word "platypus," one could repeat it in their mind.

• Capacity consideration:

  • Conceptualized in terms of duration rather than units of information.

  • Related study: Word Length Effect.

    • Definition: Tendency to remember more one-syllable words than longer words.

    • Graphical representation: Proportion of words remembered (Y-axis) vs. the number of syllables (X-axis).

    • Explanation: One-syllable words can fit within the two-second duration of the loop more efficiently.

    • Examples of words: "bat" and "car" (one-syllable) versus "hippopotamus" and "refrigerator" (multi-syllabic).

Visual-Spatial Sketchpad

• Definition: Working memory for visual information.

  • Allows recall of environmental layout even without direct visual input.

  • Example: Location awareness of objects, such as a mug, with eyes closed.

  • Test example: Jackbox Trivia Murder Party game involving visual pattern retention.

• Feature Binding:

  • Explanation of visual chunking.

  • Definition: Grouping individual features of an object into a single chunk.

  • Impact: Improves memory efficiency by reducing the number of units to remember.

Episodic Buffer

• Definition: Integrates information from the phonological loop and visual-spatial sketchpad.

  • Function: Holds and organizes episodes, creating a coherent story.

  • Analogy: Similar to a buffer in streaming, preventing information loss during interruptions.

  • Connection to long-term memory:

    • Example: Retrieving memories about one’s childhood house.

    • Process involves bringing long-term memory information into working memory.

Central Executive

• Definition: Control process within working memory; the "boss".

  • Function: Allocates mental resources among the three storage systems based on task needs.

  • Metaphor: Compared to a general managing resources; directs focus to visual or auditory tasks as necessary.