Chapter 8

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@@Eurocentrism is the ideology that Europe is kind of the center of the world and that it is Humans that are the center of the world ( everyone else was backwards )@@
Europeans got to modernity first so they were the best ( European ego blasts ) ( everyone else has to catch up )
Europeans couldn’t have had their advancements without others advancements before them
the printing press also advanced the ideas of Europe
Europeans cultural flowering was much longer that those of other societies
When they found the Americas they took a rise to power over more land a people
European dominance was often met with resistance, but it endured
Non-Europeans used Europeans ideas to their advantage
European ideas were adapted to the local circumstances
Europeans gained big time on their ideas but other did too

1750-1900

the time is referred to as the European moment in history and the LONG 19th century
the two major developments took place in the LONG 19th century

- Creation of a new Modern society

- growing ability of modern societies to exercise enormous power and influence over the rest of human kind

CREATION OF A NEW MODERN SOCIETY

time period includes the French and Industrial revolution
Powerful, transorfitice ideas developed

NEW IDEAS

end social inequality ( end of poverty )
ordinary people should participate in political life ( VOTING )
smaller nations should replace large empires
women’s equality
end of slavery

ENORMOUS POWER OF MODERN SOCIETIES

modern societies were able to exercise enormous power and influence over the rest of humankind

HOW WAS THE ENOURMUS POWER ACHIEVED

economic penetration
military intervention
diplomatic pressure
missionary activity in independent

ANTHROPOCENE = THE AGE OF MAN- because humans were the active agent of change

Modern Era = The Age of Revolution'

Major political changes take place in the time period
4 major political revolutions take place known as the atlantic revolutions
United States
France
Hati
latin Americas

ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS

What to know?

The effect they had on women’s rights
the political and social similarity and difference with each other
how revolutions were inspired by other revolutions
how people identified themselves and the key people in the revolutions

IDENTIFY A SIMILARITY BETWEEN THE REVOLUTIONS _______ AND _________

IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN A CONTINUITY FROM REVOLUTIONS ( WOMEN’S RIGHTS DIDN”T CHANGE )

The enlightenment and colonizations of the New World led to revolutions
Siomay is Hati

a pamphlet called common sense led to a good amount of revolutions

Atlantic revolution in a global context ( making it distinctive )

took place from the early 18th - mid 19th
Revolutions were closely linked( jefferson was the US ambassador to France at the start of the French Revolution
They shared a common set of ideas ( based off of Enlightenment) ( liberty, equality, free trade, religious tolerance, popular sovereignty, republicanism )
Impact
- abolishment movement to end slavery
- extinction of the right to vote
- constitutions
- greater equality for women
- nationalism
- ideas of equality

American revolution

As a result of the American revolution and they pushed for
- voting rights
- more rights for women
- development of constitution
- an end to slavery
Colonists initially had no desire to break from England
Socially the door was open for something new because there was
- @@no established church@@
- very few social classes
- no real nobility

Result: a unique opportunity for economic gain!

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The French Revolution

thousands of french soldiers assisted American colonists against the British
IMPACT: They felt underrepresented within their own government
RESULT: They drew up the DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF @@MAN@@ AND CITIZEN ( no women )

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FRENCH REVOLUTION:

a sharp economic slump in 1787 and 1788 (triggered by bad harvests) sealed the start of the French Revolution. Bread prices rose too high- people were starving

- members of the Third Estate ( First class, Middle Class, Poor Class ) ( Social Structure ) organized as the @@“National Assembly”@@ and claimed sole authority to make laws for France! (The 3rd Estate was the overwhelming majority population)

adjustments on a separate paper

MIDDLE CLASS DEMANDING CHANGE:

Enlightenment thinking influence a lot of change

tas reform thoughts

the middle class pushed Parliament to change so that each representative had a vote, not 1 vote per estate (there were 3 estates)

Result: king opposed → riots began → king folded → revolution was under way

despotism: the exercise of absolute power, especially in a cruel and oppressive way
The monarch has power to call the Parliament to meet (the parliament doesn’t meet unless the monarch tells them to)

THE STORM OF BASTILLE:

Large arms store and prison
SYmbol of tyranny
When it was stormed it only held 7 prisoners
SHows the power of the King
Holds all the gun poweder
Kind filled with all of the people that were wrongfully charged
Persian joined the French

CHANGES IN SOCIAL RELATIONS

peasants burned lords’ castles, burned documents of dues and payments
@@priests were put under government authority@@
- The church was now taxed on their lands because it would then take the burden off of the 3rd Estates
church lands were sold to raise revenue
monarchs were executed
@@French revolutionaries felt like they were starting a new France!@@

Identify and Explain the Changes and continuities in the rights of women.

CHANGES CAUSED BY THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

some supported women's political rights (because women helped in the revolution)
women sought rights (but didn't get rights). However, this was the foundation for modern feminism
people saw themselves connected as a nation (not a small community)
Catholic Church lost power as registrations (birth, marriage, death) started to be done at the state level
- MODERN FEMINIST MOVEMENT
They acquired wealth through registration

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Robespierre led radicals against the monarch, and was the symbol of the revolution

(was inspired by Rousseau's democratic ideas)

REIGN OF TERROR

Law of Suspects
- Going after people and killing them who had any other ideas other than Revolutionares
Necessary to stop anti-Revolutiones
Committee of public safety went through and killed all of the people
Killed a lot of people
his desire to rid people of power (even moderates) led to his arrest & guillotining
4 years later (1799) the revolution's final phase began with Napoleon Bonaparte

(Bonaparte: general who converted the republic to an authoritarian empire)

Napoleon and War

rom 1803 to 1815, France was engaged in the Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars: wars fought against various allied European nations
- 1803: @@Napoleon sold France's Louisiana Territory to the U.S. ($15 million: Louisiana Purchase) Purpose: to raise money for future wars@@
- October 1805: British wiped out Napoleon’s fleet but by December his army defeated the Austrians & Russians (his greatest victory) Impact: broke up the Holy Roman Empire & created the Confederation of the Rhine
- $the Confederation of the Rhine$
  - (1806) many German states allied with France with Napoleon as “Protector” (made up of 16 German minor states allied with France- 19 more later joined)

Purpose: create a buffer between France in the event of aggression from Austria, Prussia, or Russia * the 15+ million people living within the Confederation provided a physical barrier against enemies on France's eastern borders * Napoleon desired this after defeating Austria and Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz

One important result of nationalism is the breakup of empires! (A must-know for the exam)
People outside of France were making Nationalist ideas because they didn’t like Napoleon because he wanted to conquer them

SOCIAL CHANGES UNDER NAPOLEON

<<reestablished a French aristocracy (eliminated in the French Revolution),<<

handing out titles of nobility to loyal friends and family

$established Napoleonic Code$

* reflected French Revolution principles

* creating one law code for France

* divided civil law into personal status, property, and acquisition of property

French Revolution ended when Napoleon staged a coup d’etat which abolished the Directory (he appointed himself France’s “First consul”) in November 1799
middle class or $"bourgeoisie"$ was instrumental in creating change in Europe
Napoleon helped spread ideas of the French Revolution
Napoleon's liberal reforms did not include universal male $suffrage ( the right to vote )$

<<WE WANT SUFFRAGE<<

]]CONGRESS OF VIENNA]]

After Napoleon’s defeat, what happens to the lands controlled by France? Does it remain under the control of France or should lands be “returned”?

$Confederation of the Rhine collapsed in 1813$
Because Napoleon’s done they wanted to change allys and feel back into their smaller states
Napoleon’s invasion of Russia Empire failed and some members changed sides (after all

it was formed with Napoleon as Protector but he was no longer in power by this time)

@@SCORCHED EARTH POLICY@@

when russians burnt their land
when france came they couldn’t eat off of that land
they couldn’t sleep comfortably
Because they couldn’t eat they had to go back home

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Haitian Revolution 1794-1804

- it was bound to happen because

there were many social inequalities
people were heavily exploited as they were the major producers of sugar and coffee in world market (2/5 of all sugar and 1/2 of coffee in the world came from here)

inspired by the French Revolution (Saint Domingue was a French colony)
very deadly and also unique (slaves became free, equal, and independent)
the colony of Saint Domingue became known as Haiti (meaning “mountainous” or “rugged”)
whites were killed or fled
economy switched from exporting to producing for itself Results:
\
1. slavery became more important since exports from Haiti fell
\
1. demand for sugar exports grew in the Caribbean & North America (more money to be made)
an important outcome of the revolution was "black" defining political citizenship

\*Haiti became the world’s 1st Black republic!

Jean-Jacques Dessalines = Haiti’s 1st head of state

Latin American Revolutions 1810-1826

occurred for several reasons

political and social inequality existed
peninsulares (they have the control) ( born in Spain)
creoles (elites feared lower classes & nonwhites- feared another Haiti)
mestizos
mulattoes
Native Americans/Africans/Zambo (zambo/sambo=African & American Indian)

-Enlightenment ideas
Napoleon's actions (overthrows the Spanish Monarchy) video describing what Latin America is (for those who need it)
successes of other revolutions
as people saw themselves united against the Spanish, a nativism movement arose: $Americanos (ALL people born in the Americas)$ . Had little support though

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan political leader- instrumental in Latin American independence movement

He was inspired by Napoleon but was not interested that Napoleon named himself Emperor so Simon named himself a liberator
Was a Crole
\
He was educated by Enlightenment ideas from his tutors
"the Liberator"- he liberated Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, & Venezuela from Spanish rule
wrote "Letter From Jamaica" describing his vision of a South American republic (civil war erupted in Venezuela: he fled to Jamaica where he wrote the letter)

Jose de San Martin

Argentinian statesman
helped lead revolutions in Argentina and Chile that led to liberation from the Spanish
led revolts in Peru- though Bolivar in the end liberated Peru (San Martin & Bolivar couldn't work together)

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Abolition of slavery

slavery began to be viewed as unnecessary for economic success since wealthiest regions didn't use slavery (England and New England used free labor)
slave rebellions occurred due to Enlightenment ideas of equality
British Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act (1807)- slave trade was made illegal (but slave trade continued)
Brazil was the last country in the western world to abolish slavery (1888)
People whom were breaking the law had smaller ships so that it wasn’t that obvious that they were holding slaves

Feminism

French women of all classes participated in the Revolution (felt deserving of rights similar to man)
Enlightenment helped create feminist ideas that spread due to $French Revolution$
some men also believed that women deserved rights
]] $1848 Seneca Falls, NY convention-$ considered American feminism birthplace]]
They don’t get rights right away due to the Civil War
- Black American MEN get the right to vote before women

Nationalism

nationalism= identification with one's own nation and support for its interests

when people display nationalism, they claim loyalty to a nation of people (loyalty is not to a king or empire)
^^a nation with its own independent government = a nation-state^^
bonds that create a nation-state include a belief in a common ethnic ancestry, a national language, a shared culture, a shared religion practiced by most, and territory that is "their land"

Rise of New States

Italy and Germany were new states by 1871
both had been disunited since the fall of the Roman Empire (neither was a major colonial power in 16th or 17th centuries. Why? Lacked political unity)

^^*Nationalism brought people together but led to the breakup of empires (Holy Roman Empire fell and was replaced by Confederation of the Rhine)^^

19th century European nationalism led to fighting to control Asian & African colonies