Science and Technology - Standard Ten - Part 1 Notes

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Fundamental Duties (Article 51A of the Constitution of India)

  • Every citizen of India has a duty:
    • To respect the Constitution, National Flag, and National Anthem.
    • To follow ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.
    • To protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
    • To defend the country and provide national service if required.
    • To promote harmony and brotherhood, and renounce practices derogatory to women.
    • To value and preserve cultural heritage.
    • To protect the natural environment and have compassion for living creatures.
    • To develop scientific temper, humanism, inquiry, and reform.
    • To safeguard public property and abjure violence.
    • To strive for excellence in individual and collective activity.
    • Parents/guardians should provide educational opportunities for children between 6 and 14 years.

Textbook Information

  • This textbook is effective from the academic year 2018-19.
  • Digital textbooks and audio-visual material are available through the DIKSHA App and QR codes.
  • Precautions should be taken while handling apparatus and chemicals, and efforts should be made to conserve the environment.

Subject Committee and Study Group Members

  • Lists various committee members, study group, production staff, and contributors involved in creating the text.

Preamble to Constitution

  • India is a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
  • Aims to secure JUSTICE, LIBERTY, EQUALITY and FRATERNITY for all citizens.

National Anthem and Pledge

  • The prescribed text for the National Anthem and the National Pledge is given.

Preface

  • The textbook aims to help students understand and explain science and technology in everyday life.
  • Encourages the use of 'Can you recall?' and 'Can you tell?' sections for revision.
  • Suggests performing activities and experiments to learn science and seek help from teachers, parents, or classmates when needed.
  • Promotes the use of information communication technology for studies.
  • Emphasizes precautions while handling apparatus and chemicals and conservation of the environment.

For Teachers

  • The textbook relates science education to logical thinking and discretion about events.
  • Suggests giving students freedom to explore their curiosity and initiative.
  • Emphasizes developing experimental skills and accepting student observations.
  • Encourages using 'Let’s recall' and 'Can you tell?' for introducing topics and activities like 'Try this' and 'Let’s try this' for explaining content.
  • Informal classroom atmosphere and student participation are required to achieve the aims of the textbook.

Competency Statements

  • Lists expected competencies after studying the textbook, including explaining scientific reasons, writing formulas, verifying laws, solving numerical problems, and understanding relationships between science and technology.
    • Motion, Force and Machines – Explaining scientific reasons, writing formulae for gravitation and motion, solving numerical problems.
    • Energy – Adopting environment friendly lifestyles, preparing/repairing energy-based equipment, verifying laws of current electricity, explaining lens images.
    • Substances in our use – Classifying elements, identifying chemical reactions, verifying properties of carbon compounds, understanding metals' reactions.
    • The Universe – Analysing space research information, reviewing India's space contribution, exploring space research opportunities.
    • Information Communication technology (ICT) – Using ICT for daily life, sharing information about science and technology using the Internet.

Index and Academic Planning

  • The textbook is divided into two parts, with Part 1 covering physics and chemistry.
  • Suggests teaching the first five chapters in the first session and the next five in the second session.
  • Includes written and practical examinations at the end of each session, with exercises and projects at the end of each chapter.
  • Evaluation based on activity sheets like language books.

Gravitation

  • Gravitational force is universal, acting between all objects in the universe.
  • Sir Isaac Newton discovered gravitation by observing an apple falling from a tree and deducing that the Earth attracts the apple towards its center.
  • Newton considered that the gravitational force acts on all objects, including the Moon, planets, and the Sun. Force is needed to change the speed or direction of an object's motion.
  • Circular motion and centripetal force:
    • A force is required for an object to move along a circle, directed towards the center of the circle. This is called the centripetal force.
  • Johannes Kepler’s laws of planetary motion:
    1. The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the foci.
    2. The line joining the planet and the Sun sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time.
    3. The square of its period of revolution around the Sun is directly proportional to the cube of the mean distance of a planet from the Sun. \T^2 α r^3
  • Newton’s universal law of gravitation:
    • Every object in the Universe attracts every other object with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the two objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
    • F = G raz{m1 m2}{d^2}, where G is the Universal gravitational constant.
    • The value of G is 6.673 imes 10^{-11} Nm^2 kg^{-2}.
  • The centripetal force acting on a planet towards the Sun is F = raz{mv^2}{r}, where m is the mass of the planet, v is its speed, and r is its distance from the Sun.
    • v = raz{2 imes pi r}{T}, where T is the period of revolution$
    • The value of G is the gravitational force acting between two unit masses kept at unit distance from each other.
  • Tides:
    • High and low tides occur due to the gravitational force exerted by the Moonon the sea.
  • Earth’s gravitational force:
    • The Earth attracts every object near it due to gravitational force. The gravitational force on any object due to the Earth is always directed towards the center of the Earth.
  • Earth’s gravitational acceleration (g):
    • g = raz{GM}{R^2}, where M is the mass of the Earth and R is the radius of the Earth.
    • The value of g varies with location, height, and depth from the Earth's surface.
  • Mass vs. Weight:
    • Mass is the amount of matter and is constant everywhere.
    • Weight is the force with which the Earth attracts the object and varies with the value of g. The SI unit of weight is Newton.
  • Gravitational waves:
    • These are waves on the fabric of space-time, predicted by Einstein and detected by scientists.
  • Free fall:
    • Whenever an object moves under the influence of the force of gravity alone, it is said to be falling freely. In free fall, the initial velocity of the object is zero.
    • Equations of motion for free fall: v = gt, v^2 = 2gs, s = raz{1}{2} g t^2
  • Gravitational potential energy:
    • For an object at a height h from the surface of the Earth, the gravitational potential energy is U = - raz{GMm}{R+h}