Human Geo Midterm

Midterm Study Guide: APHG

SCALE	the relationship of a feature’s size on a map to its actual size on Earth.
Large scale	Less land area in more detail Local maps
Small Scale	More land area in less detail Global maps
Scale of Analysis	Understanding the scale of analysis helps in determining the scope and level of detail necessary for a study or presentation. Global, National, Subnational, Local

	TYPES OF MAPS
Dot Distribution	Depicts data as points and shows how those points are clustered or spread out over an area. Each dot represents a predetermined number of observations
Choropleth	Recognizable areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the variable.
Graduated symbol	Displays symbols that change in size according to the value of the variable
Cartogram	Size of a country or US state is proportional to the value of a particular variable

PROJECTION	scientific way of transferring locations of Earth’s surface to a flat map
Mercator	Preserves shape but distorts size, especially near the poles.
Robinson	Attempts to minimize distortion in size and shape.
Azimuthal	Shows the Earth from a specific point, often used for polar regions.

TERMS OF SPATIAL ANALYSIS
Distribution	arrangement of a feature in space
Density	the frequency with which something occurs in space
Concentration	the extent of a feature’s spread over space (clustered or dispersed)
Pattern	geometric arrangement of objects in space

REGIONS
Formal	homogenous region, an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.
Vernacular	Perceptual region, place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity - emerge from informal sense of place rather than scientific models
Functional	nodal region, an area organized around a node or focal point. Characteristic chosen to define the region is dominant at a central focus or node and diminishes in importance outward.

DIFFUSION

process by which a feature spreads across space

RELOCATION

spread of an idea through the physical movement of people from one place to another

EXPANSION

Contagious:rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

Hierarchical:pread of an idea from person or nodes of authority or power to other person or places

Stimulus:spread of an underlying principle even though a

POPULATION TERMS

Demography - the study of population

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) - the number of live births per one thousand people in the population

Crude Death Rate (CDR) - the number of deaths per one thousand people in the population

Doubling time - the time period it takes for a population to double in size FORMULA: 70/RNI= Doubling Time

Fertility - the number of live births occuring in a population

Infant mortality rate (IMR) - the number of children who don't survive their first year of life per 1000 live births in a country

Mortality - the number of deaths occuring in a population

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) (also known as NIR)- (birth rate - death rate)/10 - a positive NIR means a population is growing and a negative NIR means a population is shrinking MIGRATION NOT INCLUDED Total fertility rate (TFR) - the average number of children a woman is predicted to have in her child bearing years

Additional Theories

Malthusian:While population increases geometrically, food supply increases arithmetically (population will increase more quickly than food supply)

Epidemiological Transition Model:Explains how society has developed and the change in how/why people are dying as we have progressed

Ravenstein:

The majority of migrants go only a short distance
Migration proceeds step by step (Step Migration)
Migrants going long distances generally go to large economic centers
Each migration stream produces a compensating counter-stream
Natives of towns are less migratory than those of rural areas - people who live in urban areas are less likely to migrate
Females are more migratory within their area of birth, but males migrate more frequently internationally
Most migrants are young adults, families rarely migrate out of their country
Large towns (Urban areas) grow more as a result of migration than natural increases (Births)
As infrastructure improves (business, roads, industries) migration increases with it
The major directions of migration is from the rural (agricultural) to urban (centers of industry and commerce)
The major causes of migration are economic (seeking jobs and opportunity

Zelinsky: Relates Migration to DTM

Environmental Determinism:

Possibilism:

Migration Terms

Types of Migration

Push Factor:Conditions that drive people to leave their home.

Pull Factor:Conditions that attract people to a new area.

Intervening Obstacle:Factors that hinder migration.

Intervening Opportunity:Factors that present themselves during migration, leading to a change in the migration plan.

Asylum seeker: a person seeking residence in a country outside of their own because they fleeing persecution

Chain migration: a series of migrations within a group that begins with one person who through contact with the group, pulls people to migrate to the same area.

Step-migration: migration to a far away place that takes place in stages

Forced migration: when people migrate not because the want to but because they have no other choice

Guest worker: a legal immigrant who is allowed into the country to work, usually for a relatively short time period

Internally displaced persons: a person forced to flee their home who remains in their home country

Refugee: a person who flees their home country and is not able to return

Transhumance: moving herds of animals to the highlands in the summer and into the lowlands in the winter

Transnational migration: moving across a border into another country

Voluntary migration: people choosing to migrate (not being forced)

Cultural Landscape

“built landscape,” physical imprint a culture makes on the environment. Carl Sauer – culture leaves a unique fingerprint on their space

Culture Terms

Cultural Relativism: Understanding a culture on its own terms.
Ethnocentrism: Judging another culture by the standards of one's own.
Sequent Occupance: The layers of different cultures in the same space over time.
Centrifugal Forces: Forces that divide people and create conflict.
Centripetal Forces: Forces that unify people within a state or region.

Cultural Landscape

“built landscape,” physical imprint a culture makes on the environment. Carl Sauer – culture leaves a unique fingerprint on their space

Culture Terms

Lingua Franca:
A lingua franca is a language that is used as a common means of communication between speakers of different native languages. It often emerges in trade, diplomacy, or multicultural regions. For example, English is widely considered a lingua franca in international business and tourism.

Toponym:
A toponym is the name given to a place or geographical feature. Toponyms can provide insights into the history, culture, and language of a region. For example, the name "New York" reflects the city's origins and its historical ties to York, England.

Cultural Relativism:
Cultural relativism is the principle of understanding and evaluating cultural practices and beliefs within their own context rather than judging them by the standards of another culture. This concept encourages appreciation of diversity and helps to avoid ethnocentric biases.

Ethnocentrism:
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture or ethnic group is superior to others. This perspective can lead to misunderstanding and conflict between different cultural groups. Recognizing and overcoming ethnocentrism is crucial for fostering intercultural dialogue.

Sequent Occupance:
Sequent occupance refers to the idea that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, contributing to its overall cultural landscape. This concept illustrates how places evolve over time, influenced by various groups that have inhabited them.

Centrifugal Forces:
Centrifugal forces are factors that tend to divide a state or society. These can include ethnic or cultural differences, economic disparities, and political discontent. Understanding these forces is essential for analyzing social cohesion and conflict within a region.

Centripetal Forces:
Centripetal forces are factors that unite and strengthen a state or society. These can include shared culture, national identity, and effective governance. Centripetal forces play a crucial role in promoting stability and cooperation within a community.

Acculturation: two cultures come into contact and weaker one adopts some of new more dominant traits

Assimilation: weaker culture’s traits replaced by more dominant culture

Convergence: Cultures become more similar

Divergence: Culture become more dissimilar

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGION

ETHNIC RELIGION

Definition

Attempt to be global, to appeal to all people wherever they may appear in the world

Appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place

Origin

Precise places

Based on events in life of a man

Unknown or unclear origins

Not tied to historic individuals

Diffusion

Diffused from their specific hearth to other regions of the world. Spread through expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion

Typically remain clustered in one location. Found near the hearth, maybe spread through relocation diffusion

Holy Places

Cities and other places associated with the founder’s life

Derive from distinctive physical environment, such as mountains, rivers or rock formations

Sovereign States:
- A sovereign state is a political entity with a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states. Examples include the United States, France, and Japan.
Nation:
- A nation refers to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics such as language, history, ethnicity, or religion. Nations may or may not have their own sovereign state. For example, the Kurdish people are considered a nation without a recognized sovereign state.
Nation-State:
- A nation-state is a political unit where the boundaries of the nation coincide with the boundaries of the state. This means that the state's governance aligns with a specific national group. An example is Japan, where the majority of the population shares a common culture and ethnicity.
Multinational State:
- A multinational state contains two or more distinct nations within its borders. These nations may have their own cultural identities but are governed under a single state. Examples include Canada and the United Kingdom.
Stateless Nations:
- Stateless nations are groups of people who identify as a nation but do not have a recognized sovereign state. The Palestinians and the Basques are examples of stateless nations.

Types of Borders

1. Antecedent Borders

Definition: Borders that were established before the area was populated or developed.
Examples: Many of the borders in North America were drawn before the land was heavily populated, such as the borders between states in the United States.

2. Subsequent Borders

Definition: Borders that are established after an area has been populated. These borders often reflect the cultural and social characteristics of the area.
Examples: The borders in Europe that were drawn after World War I reflect the ethnic and cultural divisions that developed over time.

3. Consequent Borders

Definition: Borders that result from the consequences of certain events, such as conflicts or treaties. These can often lead to disputes.
Examples: The borders drawn after the Partition of India in 1947 created significant social and political challenges, leading to ongoing tensions between India and Pakistan.

4. Geometric Borders

Definition: Borders that are based on mathematical lines and measurements, rather than physical or cultural features.
Examples: The borders between the United States and Canada in many areas are drawn along lines of latitude and longitude.