Pearson: Chapter 2 Notes - MT
Chapter 2: Body Organization and Medical Care
Combining Forms
abdomin/o: abdomen
adip/o: fat
aer/o: air
anter/o: front
brachi/o: arm
cardi/o: heart
caud/o: tail
cephal/o: head
cervic/o: neck
chondr/o: cartilage
crani/o: skull
crin/o: to secrete
crur/o: leg
cyt/o: cel
dermat/o: skin
dist/o: away from
dors/o: back of body
enter/o: small intestine
epitheli/o: epithelium
eti/o: cause
gastr/o: stomach
glute/o: buttock
gynec/o: woman
hemat/o: blood
hist/o: tissue
immun/o: protection
infer/o: below
inguin/o: groin
laryng/o: larynx
later/o: side
lumb/o: loin or low back
lymph/o: lymph
medi/o: middle
muscul/o: muscle
nephr/o: kidney
neur/o: nucleus
opthalm/o: eye
orth/o: straight, upright
ot/o: ear
ox/o: oxygen
pariet/o: cavity wall
path/o: disease
ped/o: child, foot
pelv/o: pelvis
peritone/o: peritoneum
pleur/o: pleura
poster/o: back
proct/o: rectum and anus
proxim/o: near to
pub/o: lung
rhin/o: nose
somat/o: body
spin/o: spine
super/o: above
thorac/o: chest
ur/o, urin/o: urine
vascul/o: blood vessel
ventr/o: belly
vertebr/o: vertebra
viscer/o: internal organ
Body Organization
Body Organization Levels: cell, tissue, organ, system
Tissues
Four types of tissue: muscle, epithelial, connective, and nervous
Organ System of the Body- Integumentary System
Integumentary system function: serves as a two-way barrier and regulates temperature
Organs in the integumentary system: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
Integumentary system speciality: dermatology
Organ System of the Body- Musculoskeletal System
Musculoskeletal system function: supports and protects the body, forms blood cells and stores minerals, produces movement
Organs in the musculoskeletal system: bones, joints, and muscles
Musculoskeletal system speciality: orthopedics
Organ System of the Body- Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular system function: pumps blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
Organs in the cardiovascular system: heart, arteries, and veins
Cardiovascular system speciality: cardiology
Organ System of the Body- Blood (Hematic System)
Blood (hematic system) function: Transports oxygen, protects against pathogens, and controls bleeding
Blood contains: Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Blood (hematic system) speciality: Hematology
Organ System of the Body- Lymphatic System
Lymphatic system function: protects the body from disease and ivasion by pathogens
Organs in the lymphatic system: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils
Lymphatic system Speciality: Immunology
Organ System of the Body- Respiratroy System
Respiratory system function: brings oxygen into and takes carbon dioxide out of the body
Organs in the respiratory system: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs
Respiratory system speciality: otorhinolaryngology, pulmonology, and thoracic surgery
Organ System of the Body- Gastrointestinal System
Gastrointestinal system function: ingests, digests, and absorbs nutrients
Organs in the gastrointestinal system: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands
Gastrointestinal system speciality: gastroenterology and proctology
Organ System of the Body- Urinary System
Urinary system function: filters waste from blood and removes them from the body
Organs in the urinary system: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Urinary system speciality: nephrology and urology
Organ System of the Body- Female Reproductive System
Female reproductive system function: produces eggs and provides for the growing baby, nourishes infant
Organs in the remale reproductive system: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, breasts
Female reproductive system speciality: gynecology and obstetrics
Organ System of the Body- Male Reproductive System
Male reproductive system function: produces sperm
Organs in the male reproductive system: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland
Male reproductive system speciality: urology
Organ System of the Body- Endocrine System
Endocrine system function: regulates metabolic activity
Glands in the endocrine system: pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes
Endocrine system speciality: endocrinology
Organ System of the Body- Nervous System
Nervous system function: recieves sensory information from the body and coordinates response to that information
Organs in the nervous system: brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Nervous system speciality: neurology and neurosurgery
Organ System of the Body- Special Senses: Eyes
Eye function: provides for vision
Eye organs: eye
Eye speciality: ophthalmology
Organ System of the Body- Special Senses: Ears
Ear function: responsible for hearing and balance
Ear organs: ear
Ear speciality: otorhinolaryngology
Body: Body Planes
Sagittal Plane/Median Plane/Midsagittal Plane: divides the body into left and right portions,
Frontal Plane/Coronal Plane: divides the body into front and back portions
Transverse Plane/Horizontal Plane: divides the body into upper and lower portions
Body: Body Regions
Abdominal: abdomen, on anterior side of trunk
Brachial: upper extremities (UE) or arms
Cephalic: head
Cervical: neck, connects head to trunk
Crural: lower extremeties (LE) or legs
Dorsum: back, on posterior side of trunk
Gluteal: buttocks, on posterior side of trunk
Pelvic: pelivs, on anterior side of trunk
Pubic: region containing genitals, on anterior side of trunk
Thoracic: also called thorax, on anterior side of trunk
Truck: also called torso, contains all body regions beside head, neck, and extremities
Vertebral: overlies spinal column or vertebrae, on posterior side of trunk
Body: Body Cavities
Two dorsal cavities: cranial cavity contains the brain, spinal cavity contains the spinal cord
Ventral cavities: thoracic cavity contains the lungs, heart, and the mediastinum; abdominopelvic cavity contains the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs.
RUQ: Right upper quadrant, contains majority of liver, right kidney, and colon
RLQ: Right lower quadrant, contains colon, small intestine, and appendix
LUQ: Left upper quadrant, contains spleen, stomach, and small intestine
LLQ: left lower quadrant, contains colon, small intestine, and left ovary
Body: Directional Terms
Superior or cephalic: more towards the head or above another structure
Inferior or caudal: more towards the feet or below another structure
Anterior or ventral: more towards the front or belly-side of the body
Posterior or dorsal: more towards the back or spinal cord side of the body
Medial: more towards the middle or midline of the body
Lateral: more towards the side of the body
Proximal: nearer to the point of attachment to the body
Distal: farther away from the point of attachment to the body
Apex: the tip or summit of an organ
Base: the bottom or lower part of an organ
Superficial: more toward the surface of the body
Deep: further away from the surface of body
Supine: lying horizontally facing upward
Prone: lying horizontally facing downward
Medical Care
Pathology (Path): study of disease
Etiology: describing what causes a disease
Pathogenesis: describing how the disease develops
Disease: harmful to the function of the body
Disorder: an irregularity in normal function of the body as a result of having a disease
Syndrome: a group of signs and symptoms occurring together that may indicate a disease
Diagnosis: identifying a disease
Prognosis: expected course and outcome for a given diagnosis
Abbreviations
AP: anteroposterior
CV: cardiovascular
Derm, derm: dermatology
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
DX, Dx, dx: diagnosis
ENT: ear, nose, and throat
GI: gastrointestinal
GYN: gynecology
Lat: lateral
LE: lower extremity
LLQ: left lower quadrant
LUQ: left upper quadrant
MS: musculoskeletal
OB: obstetrics
PA: posteroanterior
Path: pathology
PX, Px: prognosis
RLQ: right lower quadrant
RUQ: right upper quadrant
S/S, S/Sx: signs and symptoms
SX, Sx: symptoms
UE: Upper extremity