Civil War

1. Causes:

   • Slavery: Economic and moral disagreements.
   • States' Rights: Debate over federal vs. state power.
   • Sectionalism: Different interests between North and South.
   • Election of Abraham Lincoln: Seen as a threat to Southern way of life.

2. Key Events:

   • Fort Sumter (1861): First battle, Confederate victory.
   • Battle of Gettysburg (1863): Turning point, Union victory.
   • Emancipation Proclamation (1863): Freed slaves in Confederate territories.
   • Appomattox Courthouse (1865): Confederate surrender.

3. Key Figures:

   • Abraham Lincoln: President of the Union.
   • Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederacy.
   • Ulysses S. Grant: Union General.
   • Robert E. Lee: Confederate General.

John Newton

1. Early Life:

   • Born in 1725 in London.
   • Mother died when he was young; difficult childhood.

2. Career at Sea: