Unit 5.1-5.4 Psych
5.1 Introduction to Memory
Automatic vs. Effortful Processing - Automatic processing is the unconscious processing of well-learned material. It is much like the term “muscle memory,” because you can do something without much thought. An example could be knitting a scarf while your mind goes elsewhere. Effortful processing is the active processing of information that needs sustained effort. It's simply that learning requires both effort and attention. Practice and rehearsal are often needed to learn new things
Selective vs. Divided Attention - Selective Attention Process’s one stimuli while ignoring the other while Divided Attention is when Processing both stimuli while giving some attention to both.
Deep vs. Shallow Processing - Deep processing for meaning. Relating it to past experiences. This is effortful and requires one’s attention. Shallow Processing is Processing just for the appearance or sound of the word. Memorizing something without meaning.
Parallel/Dual Processing - Our brain processes information at different levels at the same time.
Information Processing Model - Steps that we; encode the new information, store the information and retrieve the information
Encoding - Putting in the new information by sending it through sensory registers that either sends it out the brain or short term memory
Storage - Organizing that new information from the short term memory and puts it into long term memory
Retrieval - Retrieving information from long term memory for use
5.2 Encoding
Sensory Memory - Sensory memory/registers are the first stop for all sensory information, the sensory registers are very large, but information stays for only a very short time
Iconic Memory - The visual register holds images, or icons, that represent all aspects of a visual image, icons normally last about ¼ second
Echoic Memory - The auditory register holds echoes of sound and echoes can last up to several seconds in the auditory register. Because this lasts longer allowing you to understand
Short-term Memory - Short-term memory holds information we are aware of or thinking about at any given moment but it is also working memory!
Working Memory - The part of short-term memory that is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing.
Rote Rehearsal - Process of repeatedly saying or thinking about a piece of information
5.3 Storing
Long-Term Memory - Everything that is learned is stored in long-term memory and vast amounts of information may be stored for many years with no known limits to capacity
Explicit Memories (Declarative) - Memory for information we can readily express and are aware of having This information can be intentionally recalled
Episodic Memories - Memories for personal events in a specific time and place. EX: where you parked your car this morning or the dinner you had with a friend last month
Semantic Memories - Memory for general facts and concepts not linked to a specific time. EX: remembering the capital of Cuba.
Implicit Memories (Nondeclarative) - Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having that cannot be intentionally retrieved. EX: knowing how to play the piano, ride a bike, tie your shoes
Prospective Memory - Memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time.
Procedural Memories - Less memories more motor skills and habits
Emotional Memories - Learned emotional responses to various stimuli terror when describing an accident
Priming - The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in long-term implicit memory
Chunking - Term referring to the process of taking individual pieces of information (chunks) and grouping them into larger units.
Maintenance Rehearsal - The repetitive cycling of information in short term memory
Elaborative Rehearsal - Rehearsing information by relating new information to information already stored in long-term memory
5.4 Retrieving
Recognition - Retrieval aided by cues (multiple choice test)
Recall - Retrieval without any cues (essay test)
State-Dependent Memories - What we learn in one physiological state (be it drunk or sober) may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state.
Mood-Dependent Memories - Recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad emotional state
Tip-of-the-Tongue - Phenomenon of failing to retrieve a word or term from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is almost there
Which of the following psychologists is best associated with studying the function of memory - Hermann Ebbinghaus
Which of the following statements about automatic processing (system) is true? - Automatic processing requires little mental effort.