EMW Exam 2

TRADE & POLITICS

  • Tributary System

    • Description: An East Asian system where neighboring states acknowledged Chinese supremacy in exchange for trade.

  • Canton Trade System (1757–1842)

    • Description: Qing policy restricting Western trade to Canton under tight regulation.

  • Cohong System

    • Definition: A guild of Chinese merchants licensed to trade with foreigners in Canton.

  • Hoppo

    • Definition: A Qing official who supervised maritime customs and foreign trade in Canton.

  • Kowtow Controversy

    • Description: The British refusal to perform the ritual bow before the Qianlong Emperor in 1793 raised tensions.

  • Lord Macartney Embassy (1793)

    • Description: A British mission seeking expanded trade with China; it ultimately failed due to cultural misunderstandings and the refusal to kowtow.

  • Unequal Treaties

    • Definition: Treaties forcing China and Japan to grant trade ports and legal privileges to Western powers, highlighting colonial dynamics.

  • Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

    • Importance: Ended the First Opium War; opened various ports to trade with the West and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

  • Treaty of Tianjin (1858)

    • Importance: Expanded foreign rights in China after the Second Opium War, further undermining Chinese sovereignty.

  • Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

    • Importance: Opened Japanese ports to the U.S., marking the end of Japanese isolation.

  • Extraterritoriality

    • Definition: Legal principle allowing foreigners living in Asia to be governed by their own country's laws rather than local laws.

  • The Opium Wars

    • Description: Conflicts between Britain and China over trade and opium imports, altering their economic and political landscapes.

  • Matthew Perry

    • Definition: A U.S. naval officer who pressured Japan to open to foreign trade, marking a turning point in Japanese history.

  • Blackship

    • Definition: The Japanese term for Perry’s steamships that pressured Japan to open in 1853, symbolizing Western intrusion.

  • Lin Zexu

    • Role: A Qing official who opposed the opium trade and triggered the First Opium War by destroying opium stocks.

RELIGION & CULTURE

  • The Jesuit Mission

    • Description: A Catholic mission that introduced Christianity and Western science to China and Japan.

  • Jesuits

    • Matteo Ricci

    • Contribution: Adapted Christianity to fit Confucian culture in China, promoting understanding between the two faiths.

    • Inculturation

    • Definition: The process of adapting religious teachings to fit the local culture, exemplified by Jesuit practices in Asia.

  • Johann Adam Schall

    • Role: An astronomer who served at the Qing court, contributing to scientific advances and cultural exchanges.

  • Ferdinand Verbiest

    • Contribution: A scientist who reformed the Chinese calendar, integrating Western and Chinese astronomy.

  • Giuseppe Castiglione

    • Description: A painter who blended European realism with Chinese court style, exemplifying cross-cultural artistic exchange.

  • Rites Controversy

    • Issue: Vatican dispute over whether Chinese ancestor rites were compatible with Christianity, affecting Jesuit missions.

  • Confucius Sinarum Philosophus (1687)

    • Publication: A Latin text that introduced Confucianism to Europe and influenced European thought.

  • Tianzhu

    • Definition: The Chinese term used by Jesuits for the Christian God, showing adaptation of concepts in religious discourse.

  • Fumi-e

    • Definition: Images of Christ or Mary that individuals in Japan were required to step on to prove they were not Christians, a tactic during the suppression of Christianity.

  • Maria Kannon

    • Description: A statue that disguises the Virgin Mary as the Buddhist bodhisattva Kannon, reflecting syncretism in religious representation.

  • Shintoism

    • Definition: The indigenous Japanese religion centered on kami, or spirits, which shapes Japanese culture and identity.

JAPAN

A) Terms

  • Shogun vs. Daimyo

    • Definition: Military ruler (Shogun) vs. regional lords (Daimyo) in feudal Japan, illustrating the power dynamics of the era.

  • The Japanese Three Unifiers

    • Names: Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu.

    • Importance: Unified Japan during the 16th century, ending the Warring States period.

  • Tokugawa Ieyasu

    • Role: The founder of the Tokugawa shogunate that ruled during the Edo period, establishing a long era of peace and stability.

  • Meiji Restoration (1868)

    • Impact: Restoration of imperial rule and rapid modernization of Japan, shifting from feudalism to industrialization and Westernization.

  • Emperor Meiji

    • Role: The emperor overseeing the modernization and Westernization efforts of Japan, symbolizing the transition into the modern era.

  • Rangaku

    • Definition: “Dutch learning,” which refers to the study of Western science through Dutch sources during Japan's period of isolation.

  • Rangakusha

    • Definition: Scholars specializing in Dutch/Western learning, who played a key role in facilitating knowledge transfer during the Edo period.

  • Map of Deshima

    • Description: An artificial island in Nagasaki that served as the only point of contact between Japan and the outside world during isolation, where Dutch merchants were confined.

B) Periods

  • Muromachi

    • Definition: An era of shogunal rule and early European contact, pivotal in the development of Japanese art and culture.

  • Sengoku

    • Definition: The “Warring States” period marked by civil war and fragmentation of power; foundational to Japanese historical narrative.

  • Azuchi-Momoyama

    • Description: A period characterized by unification and the flourishing of Momoyama art, known for its vibrant color and grandeur.

  • Edo

    • Definition: The Tokugawa era of peace, isolation, and the rich development of ukiyo-e culture and art practices.

C) Dates

  • 1549

    • Event: Francis Xavier arrives, marking the beginning of the Jesuit Mission in Japan; Christianity spread through trade networks during the Sengoku period.

  • 1571

    • Event: Nagasaki founded; Jesuit-influenced port city established as a center of Nanban art and Christian-European cultural exchange.

  • 1597

    • Event: Twenty-Six Martyrs executed; Toyotomi Hideyoshi suppresses Christianity, marking a shift toward persecution and religious control.

  • 1613

    • Event: Christianity officially banned by Tokugawa Ieyasu; the Edo shogunate enforces religious control, using fumi-e to identify hidden Christians.

  • 1639

    • Event: Sakoku edict; Portuguese expelled, resulting in the Tokugawa isolation policy that eliminated Christianity and confined the Dutch to Deshima, leading to the emergence of Rangaku.

  • 1853

    • Event: Commodore Matthew Perry arrives with Black Ships, pressuring Japan to open to foreign trade; the end of isolation is initiated.

  • 1854

    • Event: Treaty of Kanagawa signed, marking the start of extraterritorial agreements and the opening of Japanese ports to the U.S.

  • 1877

    • Event: The Satsuma Rebellion occurs, a samurai revolt against Meiji reforms, confirming the modernization under Emperor Meiji and decline of the feudal order.

D) Geography

  • 4 Main Islands of Japan

    • 1) Hokkaido

    • 2) Honshu

    • 3) Shikoku

    • 4) Kyushu (Notably, the Port of Nagasaki is located here).

TECHNIQUES & STYLES

  • Linear Perspective

    • Definition: A system used in art that creates the illusion of depth through the use of converging lines, enabling artists to depict three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface.

  • Chiaroscuro

    • Definition: The technique involving a strong contrast between light and dark to give a sense of volume and depth in paintings.

  • Trompe-l’oeil

    • Definition: A form of illusionistic painting that aims to “fool the eye,” making objects appear three-dimensional.

  • Megane-e

    • Definition: A style of Japanese prints that applies Western perspective techniques for optical viewing effects.

  • Uki-e

    • Definition: A form of perspective pictures influenced by Western techniques that was popular in Japan.

  • Ukiyo-e

    • Definition: “Pictures of the floating world”; a genre of Edo prints depicting scenes ranging from actors and courtesans to landscapes.

  • Yofūga

    • Definition: Western-style painting practiced in Japan, reflecting the influence of European art.

  • Nanban Art

    • Description: Japanese art depicting early Europeans, referred to as “Southern barbarians,” showcasing cultural encounters.

  • Perspectiva Pictorum et Architectorum

    • Reference: A treatise on perspective by Andrea Pozzo that influenced artistic techniques in the Baroque period.

  • Symbolism in Chaekgeori

    • Description: Objects within chaekgeori paintings symbolize knowledge, status, longevity, or virtue, enriching the cultural narrative in Korean art.

  • Exoticism

    • Definition: The fascination with and romanticizing of foreign cultures, influencing artistic representations in various forms.

  • Japonisme

    • Definition: The European craze for Japanese art and design in the 19th century, reflecting a cross-cultural aesthetic influence.

COLLECTING + DISPLAY

  • Cabinet of Curiosities

    • Definition: A room or cabinet displaying rare natural and artistic objects, showcasing the collector's interests and knowledge.

  • Kunstkammer/Wunderkammern

    • Definition: German terms referring to princely “wonder rooms” filled with diverse and exotic items reflecting the owner's wealth and status.

  • Studiolo

    • Definition: A private Italian Renaissance study that contains a collection of objects focused on scholarly interests.

  • Galleria

    • Definition: An Italian gallery specifically designed for displaying art collections, often emphasizing aesthetics in architecture.

  • Museo

    • Definition: An early Italian term used for a collection of rare objects, highlighting the beginning of formal museum practices.

  • Duobaoge

    • Definition: A Chinese multi-shelf cabinet designed for displaying treasured objects, symbolizing the culture of collecting.

  • International Expositions

    • Definition: World fairs that showcase industry, empire, and global art, prominent in the 19th century as platforms for cultural exchange.

  • Industrial Revolution

    • Description: A period marked by rapid industrial growth enabling expansive global trade and exhibitions, transforming economic structures.

KOREA

  • Chaekgeori

    • Definition: Korean still-life paintings featuring books and scholarly objects, reflecting intellectual pursuits and status.

  • Bookshelf Style

    • Definition: A representation of illusionistic shelves filled with books and objects, commonly seen in chaekgeori paintings.

  • Tabletop Style

    • Definition: Objects arranged on a flat surface in art, emphasizing composition and layering in still-life representation.

  • Isolation Style

    • Definition: Artistic style where single objects are depicted independently, allowing a focus on individual significance.

  • Joseon Period

    • Definition: A Korean dynasty emphasizing Confucian scholarship, greatly influencing Korean culture and art.

  • King Jeongjo

    • Role: A Joseon ruler who advocated for scholarship and promoted chaekgeori art, leaving a lasting impact on Korean heritage.

CHINA

  • Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)

    • Characteristics: Known for strong maritime trade and early Jesuit contact, marking significant cultural exchanges.

  • Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)

    • Description: Ruled by Manchu emperors; marked the height of the Canton trade system and significant foreign interactions.

  • Kangxi

    • Role: A Qing emperor known for supporting Jesuits and advancements in science and culture during his reign.

  • Yongzheng

    • Role: A Qing emperor who implemented restrictive policies on Christianity, reflecting tensions between faiths.

  • Qianlong

    • Role: A prominent Qing emperor during the Macartney Embassy and the peak of the Qing dynasty's power and culture.

  • Daoguang

    • Role: A Qing emperor during the First Opium War, amid increased foreign intervention in China.

GEOGRAPHY

  • Ricci World Map (1602)

    • Description: A map blending European cartography with the Chinese worldview, illustrating early global interactions.

A) Ukiyo-e & Prints

  • Hokusai, Great Wave

    • Description: An iconic landscape print utilizing bold lines and perspective to capture the movement of the ocean.

  • Hiroshige, 100 Views of Edo

    • Description: A series showcasing seasonal and urban landscapes of Japan, exemplifying the beauty of everyday life.

  • Sharaku, Kabuki Actor

    • Description: A dramatic portrait of an actor emphasizing expression, showcasing the vibrant culture of Kabuki theater.

  • Utamaro, Three Beauties

    • Description: Idealized portrayals of women from the pleasure quarters, reflecting standards of beauty and aesthetics.

  • Kunisada, Printmaking Process

    • Illustration of the various steps involved in the production of ukiyo-e, emphasizing craftsmanship in Japanese printmaking.

B) Western Artists (Japonisme)

  • Van Gogh, Flowering Plum Tree

    • Description: A copy of a Hiroshige print rendered in oil paint, demonstrating the integration of Japanese themes into Western art.

  • Whistler, Peacock Room

    • Description: An interior design inspired by Japanese aesthetics, reflecting the influence of Japonisme on Western sensibilities.

  • Manet, Portrait of Zola

    • Analysis: Contains a Japanese print, reflecting global artistic influence during the period.

  • Mary Cassatt, Mother and Child

    • Description: Displaying flattened space influenced by ukiyo-e, melding Western and Japanese artistic approaches.

  • Toulouse-Lautrec, Jane Avril

    • Description: A poster style influenced by Japanese prints, showcasing the blend of art movements.

C) Jesuits & Court Art

  • Castiglione, One Hundred Horses

    • Description: An artwork illustrating European realism integrated with traditional Chinese styles, reflecting cross-cultural dialogue.

  • Castiglione, Qianlong Portrait

    • Description: A hybrid imperial portrait style that merges Western painting techniques with Chinese conventions.

  • Great Martyrdom Painting

    • Description: A depiction of Japanese Christian martyrdom, illustrating the cultural and religious tensions of the time.

D) Chaekgeori

  • Chaekgeori 1) Gang Dal-su

    • Description: Modern reinterpretation of the bookshelf style in chaekgeori, merging traditional themes with contemporary methods.

  • Chaekgeori 2) Yi Ung-nok

    • Description: Colorful scholarly still life, showcasing objects of cultural significance.

  • Chaekgado

    • Description: A screen painting by Lim Soosik, featuring books and academic objects, emphasizing scholarly pursuits.

  • Kang Airan, Memories of 100 Years

    • Description: A contemporary interpretation of chaekgeori themes, bridging historical and modern contexts.

E) Collecting Culture

  • Remps, Cabinet of Curiosities

    • Description: A European painting depicting a collector’s room filled with eclectic objects, illustrating trends in collecting.

  • Duobaoge (Hall of Beauty Enjoyment)

    • Description: A Qing imperial treasure cabinet, emphasizing the cultural significance of collecting items of beauty and value.

  • Stephanie Lee, Cabinet of Desire

    • Description: Modern reinterpretation of curiosity cabinets that questions the nature of display and consumption.

F) Western Perspective (in Japan)

  • Andrea Pozzo, Perspective Illustration

    • Description: Demonstration of Baroque illusionism that influenced Western art across cultures.

  • Okumura Masanobu, Theater Interior

    • Description: An uki-e using Western perspective techniques, showcasing integration of different artistic traditions.

  • Odano Naotake, Lion

    • Description: Early Japanese naturalism influenced by Western styles, representing a cultural adaptation in visual art.