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Marco Polo European traveler whose travels helped encourage European interest in Asia and exploration.
Vikings Reached North America before Columbus.
Bering Strait Waterway believed to have been crossed by early peoples entering North America.
Amerigo Vespucci Explorer associated with recognizing the Americas as a New World.
Mercantilism Economic system where colonies benefit the mother country by providing resources and markets.
Zero-sum gain When one side gains while another side loses.
Prince Henry the Navigator Portuguese prince who encouraged exploration.
Conquistadors Spanish explorers/conquerors.
Christopher Columbus Sailed across the Atlantic in 1492 looking for a route to Asia.
Treaty of Tordesillas Agreement that divided newly claimed lands between Spain and Portugal.
Columbian Exchange Exchange of plants, animals, people, diseases, and goods between the Old and New Worlds.
Samuel de Champlain Explorer associated with New France and Quebec.
New France French colony/territory centered around Quebec.
Huguenots French Protestants.
Queen Elizabeth I English queen who encouraged exploration and challenged Spanish power.
Sir Francis Drake English privateer who attacked Spanish ships.
Spanish Armada Spanish fleet defeated by England in 1588.
Roanoke The Lost Colony.
Northwest Passage Hoped-for water route through North America to Asia.
Richard Hakluyt Promoted English exploration and colonization.
Paternalism Government or authority acts like a parent toward its people.
Command Economy Economy controlled by the government.
Feudalism Land-based system involving lords and peasants.
Absolutism System in which the monarch has very great or absolute power.
Imperialism Extending a country's power and control over other territories.
Colonization Settling and controlling another territory.
Theocracy Government heavily based on religion.
Meritocracy Advancement based on ability or achievement.
Rule of Law Everyone, including leaders, must follow the law.
Capitalism Economic system based on private ownership and free markets.
Adam Smith Associated with capitalism and free markets.
Encomienda System Spanish colonial system involving control of Native labor.
Acculturation Adopting aspects of another culture.
Joint Stock Company Company funded by multiple investors who share ownership and risk.
Magna Carta Document that limited the power of the English king.
English Bill of Rights Limited royal power and protected certain rights.
New England Confederation Puritan alliance of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut for protection and cooperation.
Dominion of New England Reorganization of colonies by King James II to increase royal control.
Sir Edmund Andros Leader appointed over the Dominion of New England.
Glorious Revolution 1688 transfer of monarchy power to William and Mary and increase in Parliament's power.
William and Mary Took power during the Glorious Revolution.
Tories Supported the King and believed in absolutism.
Whigs Opposed strong royal power and supported individual freedom.
Jamestown First permanent English settlement in Virginia.
John Smith Leader associated with helping Jamestown survive.
John Rolfe Associated with tobacco becoming an important Virginia crop.
Pocahontas Associated with relations between Jamestown settlers and Native Americans.
Indentured Servants People who worked for a set number of years in exchange for passage or other benefits.
Headright System System that gave land to people for bringing settlers to the colony.
House of Burgesses Early representative legislative assembly in Virginia.
Bacon's Rebellion 1676 Virginia rebellion involving frontier settlers and the colonial government.
First Africans Arrived in Virginia in 1619.
Lord Baltimore Founder associated with Maryland.
Maryland Colony associated with Catholics and the Chesapeake region.
Act of Toleration Maryland law providing religious toleration.
Chesapeake Colonies Virginia and Maryland.
Carolinas Plantation colonies associated with crops and slavery.
Restoration Colonies North and South Carolina; established during the Restoration.
Squatters People who settled on land without official permission.
Georgia Colony founded by James Oglethorpe.
James Oglethorpe Founder of Georgia.
Charity Colony Nickname for Georgia.
Buffer Colony Nickname for Georgia because it served as a buffer against Spanish Florida.
Puritans English Protestants who wanted to reform the Church of England.
Plymouth Colony founded by the Pilgrims.
Mayflower Compact Agreement establishing government and rules among the Plymouth settlers.
Squanto Native American who helped the Pilgrims learn how to survive.
Covenant Theology Belief that people have a covenant/agreement with God and should live according to God's laws.
John Winthrop Governor of Massachusetts associated with Covenant Theology and theocracy.
Theocracy in Massachusetts Government heavily influenced by Puritan religious beliefs.
Half-Way Covenant Allowed partial church membership for some descendants of church members.
Roger Williams Founded Rhode Island and supported religious toleration.
Rhode Island Colony founded by Roger Williams; associated with religious toleration.
Anne Hutchinson Challenged Puritan religious authorities and was banished from Massachusetts.
Salem Location of the famous witch trials.
Pequot Native American group involved in conflict with New England colonists.
King Philip's War Conflict between New England colonists and Native Americans led by Metacom/King Philip.
Thomas Hooker Founder associated with Connecticut.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut Early written framework of government in Connecticut.
Bread Colonies Nickname for the Middle Colonies.
Middle Colonies New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.
William Penn Founder of Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania Colony founded by William Penn as a haven for Quakers.
Quakers Christian group emphasizing justice, cooperation, simplicity, equality, and non-violence.
New York Settled by the Dutch as New Amsterdam.
New Amsterdam Original Dutch settlement that became New York.
Peter Minuit Associated with New Amsterdam and the settlement of Manhattan.
Delaware Settled by Sweden as New Sweden.
New Sweden Swedish settlement in Delaware.
Iroquois Powerful Native American confederation in the New York area.
Smallpox Disease that had major effects on Native populations.
Virginia Region Southern Colonies.
Maryland Region Southern Colonies.
North Carolina Region Southern Colonies.
South Carolina Region Southern Colonies.
Georgia Region Southern Colonies.
New York Region Middle Colonies.
New Jersey Region Middle Colonies.
Pennsylvania Region Middle Colonies.
Delaware Region Middle Colonies.
Massachusetts Region New England Colonies.
New Hampshire Region New England Colonies.
Connecticut Region New England Colonies.
Rhode Island Region New England Colonies.
New England Colonies Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.
Southern Colonies Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
Colonial Nickname: Charity Georgia.
Colonial Nickname: Buffer Georgia.
Colonial Nickname: Sewer Rhode Island.
Colonial Nickname: Chesapeake Virginia and Maryland.
Colonial Nickname: Catholic Maryland.
Colonial Nickname: Quaker Pennsylvania.
Colonial Nickname: Restoration North Carolina and South Carolina.
Colonial Nickname: Bread Middle Colonies.
Major Theme #1 Religion played a major role in the colonies.
Major Theme #2 Economic freedom was a major emphasis.
Major Theme #3 Political freedom was a major emphasis.
13 Colonies Grouped into Southern, Middle, and New England regions.
New England Colony Count 4 colonies.
Middle Colony Count 4 colonies.
Southern Colony Count 5 colonies.
First Five Presidents George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe.