Unit 5 Hallucinogens

  • Hallucinogens: A Little History

    • Mescaline

      • native to northwestern Mexico and southwestern united states

      • Found in 2002 by Bruhn

      • 1896: Discovered it was prime hallucinogen in the cactus

    • Psilocybin & Psilocin

      • comes from mushrooms often refer to magic mushrooms

      • found throughout the world

  • Albert Hofmann

    • ergot elevates heart rate and respiration

    • analeptics- drugs that would elevate nervous system activity

    • 1943- discovered LSD

  • Physiological, Psychological & Behavioral effects

    • delusion Is false belief

    • hallucinations have no basis in reality nothing is there just perceived

    • illusions trick ur perception

  • Hallucinogens: Physiological, Psychological & Behavioral Effects

    • Trip- mental journey

    • generally taken orally

  • Hallucinogens: Pharmacokinetics

  • Hallucinogens Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism & Excretion

    • Mescaline would be nondetectable 48 hours

  • Hallucinogens: Pharmacodynamics

    • indoleamines- chemically very similar to serotonin

    • mescaline chemically similar to norepinephrine

  • Pharmacodynamics Indoleamines vs Phenethylamines

    • both of them causes hallucinations and both act on 5-ht receptors

    • Activation of 2a and 2c receptors

  • Hallucinogens: 5-HT2a & Hallucinations

    • PFC ( pre frontal cortex )

    • ACC ante cingular cortex

    • 2001 interferes with gating of sensory info

    • Thalamus- central relay station

    • Activation of 5HT2AR enhances Glutamine in PFC

  • Petri G., et al., 2014

    • hallucinogens messes with the connections of brain networks

  • David Nutt Imperial College of london

    • used 3 brain imaging techniques

  • Abuse, Dependence, & tolerance

    • Drugs do not produce physical withdrawal symptoms

    • Fail in self admin test

    • LSD produces tolerance if used daily in about 4 days

    • no behavioral tolerance or insomatic tolerance

    • stone discover and describe HDS

    • low percentage of people

    • usually associated in early life use

  • Clinical Use

    • MAPS runs clinical trials with hallucinogens

    • MDMA was recently qualified for PSTD

    • TRD- treatment resistant depression

    • Alzhemiers is a neurological disorder

  • John Hopkins school of medicine

    • 2000- psychedelics mind drugs

    • 2006- 60 peer reviewed articles

    • 2019- center was established for research