11.1-.2 11.4

the sympathetic nervous system is the flight or fight and the parasympathetic makes the body relax. william james and carl lang - we experience fear because we percieve the activity that dangerous condition trigger in our body, different emotions feel different because they are generated by different constellation os physiological reponses. they argued that bodily reponse evoke the emotional experience. so we hear a stimulus like a loud bang, our percetion is danger, our heart races and we expeirence fear. so our bodies reponse to stimulus causes emotion. the cannon bard say that the brain must interpert to stimuli to decide the appropriate emotion to the stimuli. the cerebral cortex simultanesouy decides the appropriate emotinal experience and activates the autonomical nervous system to appriorpraitely prare the body. so cannon bard theory say that body reposne and emotinal expeirence are at the same time. the schachter and singer theory say that we use context to contigively strrucube the emotions to arousal. So we hear thst imuli, interpret it, our heart races, we use context clues and then we feel emotion. finally the folk phsychology says that emotions cause the body to react.

indivual reponse stereotype - ppl differe in their emotional reactivity and phsiological reponses to emotion situtations. so babies who resond super stressede out to stimuli are more likely to develop anxiety disorders so these patterns of emotional reactivity is stable throughout life spam.

chalres darwin said that certain expressions of emotions appear to be universal among people of all regions of the world. so basically nonhuman primare appear to singal emotional states.

so emotiaons and expression evolved, natural selction programed fear. so shift of fear willl shift our attention, congition, and actionto focus onsafety, while preparing us physcologically for flight or fight. emotions can be seen as evolved preprogramming that help us deal quickly and effectively to wide situations. digust to body fluids help us avoid exposure to germs. thehre are eight basic emotions and four are opposite joy sad, expectation suprprise, digust affection, anger fear.

there are different intensities of these eight basic emotions.

facial expressions of these emotions are interpreted across culture. in isolated groups emotions from facial expressions like surprise and disgust are not the same as westerner groups. different culture adopt different ways to express some of the emotions . this shows that culture prescriberules for facial expression. the human face is a complicated device a netweork of muscles controlled by nervous system. The facial muscles that innervated by cranial nerves the faciela nerve (VII) which innervates the superficial muscles of facial expression. and the motor bran of the trigeminal nerve (v) which innervaes the muscles that move the jaw. SO the facial enrve moves the facial expression and the trigeminal nerve moves the jaw. activity of cranial nerves is goverend by the face are of motor cortex.

facial feedback hypothesis suggest that sensory feedback from our facial expressions can afffect our mood (james lang) that body informs us about our emotions. people who smile have a more postive feeling. further study shows that forcing a smile jjust makes u recall happier memories.

11.2

brain self sitmulation. recieving electrical sitmulation in the septum feeel a sense of warm or please like a sexual excitement. all of these areas that is sitmulated are subcortical and concentrated in large axon tract that ascends from the midbrain through the hypothalamus l the medial forebran bundle. This is an impoart destination for axons of the medial forebrain bundle is the nucleus accumben. this is a componenet of the brainr eward circuitry. the release of dopamine into the neuclue accumebens produce pleasure feelings.

a theory is that elctrical sitmultion taps the dompainergic cituts and produce pleasure feelings. drugs of abuse are addictive becaus they activate same neural circuits .

decoritacate rage - snarling biting, etc. when dogs in the cortext ha dbeen removed and resound with suddent itensity. the limbic system includes the mammillary bodies of thehypothalmaus, the anterior thalamus, the cingulate cortex, the hippo, amygalda, and fornix. lesions to the brain can affect emotions

removal of temporal lobes changes behavior. this is known as the kluver bucy syndrom. animals that were wild became calm and non agressive. they also showed strong oral tendines like eating rocks. and frequent and innaporpiate sexual behaviors. this change is because of the amygdala which is the key structure of beahvrioal changes especially loss of fear .

fear provign situtaions elic similar beaiors from indviduals of many speicies. we can condition fear by making a sound and shockig an animals. So aftera. coupe reponses the tone itself will cause fear. this is called fear condition.

the amygdala is at the anterior medial protion of each temproal. and has a doznee diferent nuclu. lesions at the central nucleus of amygdala in rats prevents blood pressure increased, and freezing behavior redponse to fear.

when ppl view faicla expression of fear, reponses are more quickly in the amydgala than in the visual cortex. this reflects the priveleged low road access of the fear inducing sitmulus. people who have tempral lobbe eplilsy expreince intense fear during seizures.

epople who are fearless is a disorder that is due to loss of the amygdala. this causes. accumulation of calcium deposits int he amygdald starting in late childhood which eventaully destroys the nuceli in both cerbral hemipshers. people can also fail to recognize fear facial expression in other. although there is an additional brain system that doesnt need the amygdald that contirbues to fear of mortal threate.

love in friendhsip increases activity in the insula and anterior cingulate cortex adnreduce actvity in the psoterio cingulate and prefrontal cotices. when it comes to remoatic partnes there is a reductino f amygdala activity. activity of the anterior insular cortex, inparimetns in emotionalawaress known as alexithymis is due to dysfunciton fo the insula. activity of the cingulat cortex is altered ins adness, hapinness, and anger the left somatsenory cortex is decativated in bth anger and fear.

11.4 allostaisis is the body ajusting to stress. reponse to stress is called the alarm reaciton, the hypothalamu activates the sympathetic nervou sstem reading the boy for action fligh or figh. the sympathetic system will stimulat eha drenglan known as the adrenal medula to release epinpherine and nore epimenree that will act on thhe body to boost heart rate, breathing and other systems to prepare for aciton. another part of the alarm reactionis the hypothalamus stimulating the antierior pirtuitary to release the domrone that is in the outer layer of the adrengland called the adrenal cortex. activation of the HPA releases the hormone ACTH from the antieiro pirtity which will stimulat the adren cortex to release cortisole. they arer slower than epinephrine and also prepare the body for reaction and releasing body stores of enregy. glycocorticoid receptors that respond to cortisal are foind in the brain that facilate the formation of meories assocated with stress and fea.