All phonetic concepts
1. Passive Articulator – The articulator that remains stationary during sound production (e.g., upper lip in /p/).
2. Phonetics – The study of speech sounds, including how they are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
3. High Front Vowel – A vowel with the tongue high and forward in the mouth (e.g., [i] as in "beat").
4. Voiceless Alveolar Fricative – A consonant like [s], produced without vocal fold vibration at the alveolar ridge.
5. Vowel Height – Describes the vertical position of the tongue during vowel production (e.g., high vs. low).
6. [ŋ] Sound – The voiced velar nasal as in “sing”.
7. Assimilation – A process where a sound becomes more like a nearby sound.
8. Vowel Merger – Two vowels become indistinguishable in some dialects (e.g., “pen” vs. “pin”).
9. Gliding – Substituting a glide ([w], [j]) for a liquid ([r], [l]); common in child speech.
10. Pitch – Perceived frequency of a voice; a suprasegmental feature.
11. AAVE Feature – Example: deletion of final consonants (e.g., "tes’" for "test").
12. Childhood Apraxia of Speech – A motor planning disorder that impairs sequencing of speech sounds.
13. Dialect – A regional or social variety of a language with distinct features.
14. Voiced Velar Stop – The sound [g], produced with vocal fold vibration at the velum.
15. Diphthong – A complex vowel sound with two articulatory targets (e.g., [aɪ] as in “eye”).
16. Language Phoneme Inventories – Different languages have different phoneme sets.
17. Velum and Nasals – Velum lowers, not raises, to produce nasal sounds.
18. Phoneme vs. Allophone – Phonemes change meaning; allophones are phonetic variants of a phoneme.
19. Voicing of Vowels – Vowels in English are typically voiced.
20. Consonant Cluster – Two or more consonants together (e.g., /str/ in “strength”).
21. Spanish Vowel Tension – Spanish vowels are typically less tense than English vowels.
22. Phonological Delay – Developmentally appropriate errors that persist longer than expected.
23. Regional Dialects – Variations in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary tied to location.
24. IPA Consonant Chart – Organized by voicing, place, and manner of articulation.
25. English Stress – Word stress can alter meaning (e.g., ‘record vs. re’cord).
26. Code-Switching – Alternating between dialects or languages in conversation.
27. Articulation Disorder – Consistent production errors affecting specific sounds.
28. Epiglottis Role – Rarely used in English articulation.
29. /l/ Vocalization – /l/ becomes more vowel-like in some dialects (e.g., [ʔoʊ] for “bowl”).
30. Phonetics Scope – Includes production and perception of sounds, not just articulation.
31. Minimal Pair – Two words differing by one phoneme (e.g., “cat” vs. “bat”).
32. Phoneme – The smallest unit of sound that changes meaning.
33. Allophone – A contextual variation of a phoneme that doesn’t change word meaning.
34. Morphology – The study of word structure (prefixes, roots, suffixes).
35. Syntax – The set of rules governing sentence structure.
36. Semantics – The study of word and sentence meaning.
37. Phonology – The study of sound patterns in language.
38. Articulation – The movement of speech organs to produce sounds.
39. Acoustics – The physical properties of sound (e.g., frequency, amplitude).
40. Auditory Phonetics – Focuses on how sounds are heard and interpreted.
41. Dialect Leveling – The reduction or loss of distinctive dialect features.
42. Code-Mixing – Mixing elements of different languages in a single utterance.
43. Idiolect – An individual’s unique form of speech.
44. Register – A language style used in particular social contexts (formal/informal).
45. Suprasegmentals – Features like stress, intonation, and rhythm beyond individual phonemes.
46. Consonant Parameters – Voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation.
47. Monophthong vs. Diphthong – One steady vowel vs. a glide between two vowels.
48. Coarticulation – When a sound is influenced by surrounding sounds in a word.
49. Southern Dialect – May include monophthongization or dropped post-vocalic /r/.
50. Phonological Processes – Systematic patterns in child speech (e.g., gliding, fronting).
51. Articulation vs. Phonological Disorder – Articulation: motor-based errors; phonological: rule-based pattern errors.
52. Listener Role – Important in interpreting speech and accommodating variation.
53. Voicing – Voiced sounds have vocal fold vibration (e.g., [b]); voiceless do not (e.g., [p]).
54. [æ] Production – Requires tongue low and front, open jaw, unrounded lips.
55. IPA Use – Allows standardized transcription of any speech sound.
56. Broad vs. Narrow Transcription – Broad shows phonemes; narrow includes phonetic detail (e.g., [ɾ], [ʔ]).
57. Fill-in: Voiced – A sound produced with vocal fold vibration.
58. Fill-in: Stop – A sound with complete airflow blockage followed by release.
59. Fill-in: [ɑ] – Low back unrounded vowel (e.g., “hot”).
60. Fill-in: Acoustic Phonetics – Study of physical properties of sound.
61. Fill-in: Cluster Reduction – Omitting part of a consonant cluster (e.g., “pane” for “plane”).
62. Fill-in: Accent – A way of pronouncing words influenced by regional or native language background.
63. Fill-in: Fronting – Substituting a front sound for a back one (e.g., [t] for [k]).
64. Fill-in: R-Dropping – Omission of /r/ after vowels in some dialects (non-rhotic).
65. Fill-in: Phoneme – Smallest unit of sound that can change meaning.
66. Fill-in: Assimilation – Sound becomes more like a nearby sound.
67. Fill-in: [u] – High back rounded vowel (e.g., “boot”).
68. Fill-in: Sociolect – Language variety associated with a social group.
69. Narrow Transcription Example – [ˈbʌɾɚ] for “butter” (flap /t/).
70. Diacritic: Nasalization – [æ̃] indicates nasal airflow.
71. Diacritic: Dentalization – [d̪] means tongue touches teeth.
72. Diacritic: Glottal Stop – [ʔ] represents vocal fold closure.
73. Diacritic: Rounding – [ʷ] shows lip rounding on a consonant.
74. Diacritic: Nasal Release – [ⁿ] indicates nasal airflow after a stop.
75. Diacritic: Tongue Advancement – [i̟] means tongue is advanced forward