Global Processes: Technology, Economy, and Society (1900-Present)

Focus on the transformative processes from the past century, specifically in technology, economy, and society.

Historical spotlight shifts from dominant events to deeply interconnected global processes.
Exploration of both intended and unintended effects of technological innovations on society and economy.

Identify driving forces behind technological change in the twentieth century.
Key Point: Scientific discovery and technological innovation as primary drivers.
Initial Breakthroughs: Originated in the Western world, stemming from the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions.
Globalization of Science: By the end of the century, scientific enterprise expanded globally, emerging in regions such as Mexico, Brazil, China, Vietnam, India, Indonesia, South Africa.

Similarities and differences with the first Scientific Revolution.
Breakthroughs in key disciplines: astronomy, physics, biochemistry, and biology altered our understanding of the universe.
Concept of the Universe: Duration and expansion of the universe, estimated at 13.8 billion years.
Cosmic and Earth Changes: Plate tectonics, ice ages, and the emergence of life.

Energy Production: Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) as the backbone of the modern economy.
Historical Growth: Coal production rose by 700% in the twentieth century; oil overtook coal as the main energy source post-World War II.
Electricity Generation Innovations: From generating electricity in the early 19th century to the establishment of electric grids worldwide.
Electrification Impact: By 2016, approximately 87% of the global population had access to electricity.

Advances in Transportation: Transition from steamships and railroads to automobiles, buses, trucks, airplanes, and container shipping.
Social Impact of Automobiles: Increased mobility and the establishment of suburbs, while also leading to issues like traffic congestion and pollution.

Communication Revolution: Began with the telegraph and telephone, leading to the development of radios, televisions, and computers.
Global Reach of Technologies: By early 21st century, 75% of households in developing countries had radios; internet access rose to 59% worldwide by 2020.
Cultural Implications: Debates about the effects of modern media on culture and politics, including government control over information.

Innovations in military technology influenced global dynamics and conflicts throughout the century.

Interconnectedness of economies and impact on global trade, finance, and cultural exchanges.

Cultural Impact: How emerging technologies changed daily life, economic activities, and societal structures.
Modernity vs. Tradition: Ongoing tension between rapid technological development and traditional societal values.
Inequality: Examination of economic disparities resulting from globalization and technological advancement.

Personal testimonies from individuals affected by globalization—migration and job loss in specific sectors like fishing and sex work demonstrate the human impact of larger economic processes.
The dual narratives of suffering and success among individuals in the face of global change.