Industrial and Economic Development Patterns
Industrial and Economic Development Patterns
Topic 7.1: The Industrial Revolution
- Industrialization has improved living standards but also led to uneven geographical development.
- Industrial Revolution: The shift from agrarian and handicraft economies to industry and machine manufacturing, starting in Britain in the 18th century.
Growth and Diffusion of Industrialization:
- Began with new technologies and availability of natural resources.
- Led to increased food supplies and population growth.
- Workers moved to cities for industrial jobs, changing class structures.
- Demand for raw materials and new markets drove colonialism and imperialism.
Conditions in Great Britain:
- Excess food reduced the need for agricultural workers.
- Booming textile industry due to suitable climate for sheep.
- World's trade leader in the 1700s.
Early Machines and Transportation:
- Invention of machines like the spinning jenny increased production.
- Improved transportation was developed to move products.
Diffusion and Power Sources:
- Great Britain tried to control new inventions, but they spread to Europe.
- Early power from wood and water.
- Fossil fuels, especially coal, became more efficient; early factories located near coal due to its weight.
Urbanization:
- Efficient food production freed farm workers, leading to migration to urban areas.
- Cities experienced population growth.
Colonialism and Imperialism:
- Competition for resources led to colonialism and imperialism.
- Berlin Conference (1884-1885): European nations negotiated control over the Congo River basin in Central Africa.
Topic 7.2: Economic Sectors and Patterns
- Industrialization has improved living standards but also led to uneven geographical development.
Spatial Patterns of Industrial Production and Development:
- Different economic sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary) have distinct development patterns.
- Location of manufacturing is influenced by labor, transportation, break-of-bulk points, least cost theory, markets, and resources.
Economic Sectors:
- Economic Sectors: Areas of the economy where businesses share similar products or services.
- Primary Sector: Extraction and production of raw materials (farming, logging, fishing, mining).
- Secondary Sector: Processing raw materials (manufacturing, construction).
- Tertiary Sector: Selling services and skills, or goods from primary and secondary industries.
- Quaternary Sector: Providing information services (computing, ICT, consultancy, R&D).
- Quinary Sector: Top-level decision-making (government, top industry executives, education sector leaders).
Development Level:
- The prevalence of different economic sectors indicates a country's development level.
- Mostly primary sector jobs indicate less development.
- Large numbers of quinary sector jobs indicate more global decision-making and higher income.
Labor and Production:
- Less developed countries provide cheaper labor for production.
- Break of Bulk Point: Location where goods transfer from one mode of transport to another.
Least Cost Theory (Weber’s):
Production point must be within a triangle of at least two raw material sources.
Weight-gaining industries locate closer to the market.
Weber's Least Cost Theory: Explains the location of industries based on transportation, labor, and agglomeration.
Core-Periphery Model (Wallerstein’s):
- Describes the spatial distribution of economic, political, and cultural power between core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral regions.
- Core: High-profit consumption goods.
- Periphery: Provides cheap labor and raw materials.
Topic 7.3: Measures of Development
- Industrialization has improved living standards but also led to uneven geographical development.
Social and Economic Measures of Development:
- GDP (Gross Domestic Product): Total value of goods and services produced within a country.
- GNP (Gross National Product): Total value of goods and services produced by a country's economy, including those produced by its corporations and individuals located abroad.
- GNI (Gross National Income) per capita: GNP divided by the population.
- Formal Economy: Legal economy taxed and monitored by the government.
- Sectoral structure of an economy: Distribution of jobs across primary, secondary, etc. sectors.
- Income distribution, fertility rates, infant mortality rates, access to health care, fossil fuel/renewable energy use, and literacy rates.
Measures of Gender Inequality:
- Gender Inequality Index (GII): Includes reproductive health, empowerment, and labor-market participation.
Human Development Index (HDI):
- Composite measure to show spatial variation in development levels.
Social Development Measures:
- Gender Inequality Index (GII): Measures loss in potential human development due to disparity between female and male achievements.
- Human Development Index (HDI): Measures life expectancy, education levels, and income per capita.
Demographic Measures:
- Fertility Rates: Average number of children born to each woman; high if greater than four, low if less than two.
- Labor-Market Participation: Percentage of the population that is either working or actively looking for work.
Economic Structure:
- Informal Sector: Self-employed workers not on payrolls, often not taxed.
- Formal Sector: Activities taxed and monitored by the government, included in GDP.
Topic 7.4: Women and Economic Development
- Industrialization has improved living standards but also led to uneven geographical development.
Changes in Economic Development and Gender Parity:
- Women's roles change as countries develop economically.
- More women in the workforce, but wage and employment opportunity inequity persists.
- Microloans help women create small businesses, improving living standards.
Cultural Factors:
- Many cultures historically value sons over daughters, affecting resource allocation.
- Economic growth increases opportunities for all, regardless of gender, which can lead to more investment in female education.
Empowerment:
- Women in the workforce may delay marriage and have fewer children.
- Increased female empowerment leads to more political participation.
- Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM): Measures inequalities between men’s and women’s opportunities in political and economic participation, and power over economic resources.