Psych

Functionalism: function of emotions 

Psychoanalysis Freud: thoughts and feelings and memories we have, but we don’t know we have, but they still impact us, sex, society

Wihelm Wundt- Father, first psychology lab, structuralism, introspection - self-reflection

Behaviorism: observable behavior 

Humanistic psychology: health, growth  

Cognitive Psychology: how we think, perceive, process and remember

Biopsychology: the study of the brain                  

Evolutionary psychology: natural selection, nature vs nurture 

biopsychological :behavior influenced by biology, psychological factors 


Scientific Method:

Make observation 

From a theory 

Hypothesis- testable 

Research and observation


Theory: an explanation that explains an observation 


Operational definition: objective 


Research strategies:

Descriptive: observe and describe (Case Study, Survey, Naturalistic Observation) no casual info 

Correlation: measure of two factors together and the relationship -1<r<+1  r=+.37 (positive correlation is when they move in the same direction. negative correlation is when they move in opposite directions) the closer the number is to 1 it is strong, the closer it is to 0 is weaker. (Scatter Plot) 

Experimental research: investigator manipulates one or more variables. Cause IV(manipulated), causes the, DV Effect (measureable)


CORRELATION DOESN'T IMPLY CAUSATION 


Empirical method: Gathering knowledge through observation, data, and reasoning/logic


Francis Cecil Sumner:Dr. Sumner along with colleagues Max Meenes and Frederick P. Watts are considered to be the founders of the Psychology Department at Howard University.


Neurons


Dendrites-  receive the msg from the other cells 

It is sent to the cell body, then it is sent to the AXON through it and it splits off to where the chemicals are released 


In the AXON there is a neural impulse which helps keeping the signal contained

An action potential is the brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down an axon.



Brain is filled with Neurotransmitters: that stimulate or inhibit neuron-firing 


Acetylcholine muscle movements have low levels have Alzheimer's disease,  agonist(just like) nicotine, antagonist botox

Dopamine, low parkinsons, high schizophrenia, goes with L-dopa, goes with antipsychotics

Serotonin, low depression, goes with prozac and zoloft

GABA, low anxiety, goes with valium and xanax, goes against caffeine 

Endorphins, low depression, goes with opiates, goes against naltrexone and narcan 

Epinephrine, flight or fight, goes with epipen, goes against beta blockers


Goes with: Acts just like the neurotransmitter


Neuroplasticity: The brain's ability to reorganize itself, in structure and how it functions, can result from traumatic events, learning etc. 


Nervous system


Somatic: sensory, conveys info to the skin and muscles to the CNS. about pain and temp

Autonomic nervous” yankees msgs to and from internal organs, breathing, heart rate

Sympathetic nervous: arouses the body, stress

parasympathetic: calms

 

Cerebellum- fine motor skills, balance 

Thalamus- sensory info, sounds in ear, what you see, what you touch and taste, sorts info in forebrain

Limbic system: memory

Hypothalamus: body temp, if your hungry 

Amygdala: detects threats, aggression and fear, almond shape

Hippocampus: New memories 

Cerebral Cortex: All cell bodies, thinking and planning, forebrain

Left smart

Right music


Occipital lobe: vision 

Parietal: touch, navigation, spatial location, Somatosensory cortex: sensory, skin, muscles, cerebral cortex

Temporal lobe: audio Primary auditory cortex, Back of temporal lobe is wernicke's area: process speech

Frontal: motor movements, personality Primary motor cortex:

Above temporal lobe and near primary motor cortex is Broca’s area, speech

Primary motor cortex:

Medulla: governs breathing

Neurons: handle information

Prefrontal cortex: 

Dr. Milner conducted groundbreaking research on the brain. She studied memory and damage to temporal lobes, mapped


Four stages of sleep, you go through deep sleep and rem sleep 


Consciousness is our inner mind where we think, feel, plan, wish, awareness of external and internal events/sensations

William James: Stream of consciousness, continuous flow of changing sensations, images and thoughts, the fringe of the stream, thoughts about our thoughts

Metacognition: thinking about thought processes, book is true if easy to read

Prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate (acts of will) Subjective feeling

Theory of mind: individuals understanding they and other people 

False belief task: examine children's theory of mind

Higher Level of consciousness: actively focus their efforts on attaining a goal, alert 

Lower level of consciousness: automatic processing, typing, sleep, dream

Altered State of Consciousness: drugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis, sensory deprivation 

Subconscious Awareness: when people are awake, sleeping and dreaming 

No Awareness: freud’s belief that some unconscious thoughts are laden with anxiety and other negative emotions, unconscious thoughts 

Unconscious: freud viewed unconscious as a storehouse for vile thoughts and impulses

Controlled process: learning where the controls are in a car, more effort

Automatic process: no effort

N1 theta waves

Sleep spindles N2, no longer aware

N1 and N2 relatively light sleep 


Classical conditioning: learning to associate two things

  • Acquisition 

  • Involuntary, person coming in means dog is getting food, becomes meaningful because life makes it 

  • Ivan Pavlov was the researcher who originally described classical conditioning.

  • Taste aversion

Operant conditioning: learning to associated something we do voluntarily with consequence, spontaneous

  • Raise your hand and teacher calls on you 

  • Operate on environment

  • Thorndike's law of effect: rewarded behavior will happen again

  • Behaviorism: wishing, hoping, based off of observable actions



Primary reinforcer: unlearned, innately :food, water, sex

Conditioned reinforcer: when you are a kid given money, you don’t care, but when you get old you do care. (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING)


Complex behavior: 

Shaping- reinforces behaviors 


NS

  • Neutral stimulus

US

  • unconditioned stimulus, causes automatic response

NS always becomes US because of the association between

UR(unconditioned response: no learning, happen involuntary),  always becomes CR( Conditioned response)


Generalization- tendency to respond to a stimulus, but not identical 

Dog: neutral stimulus →Dog bites you, Bite: Unconditional stimulus → Fear: unconditioned response, now have a fear for all dogs 


Phobia: generalized fear from one/few experience 


Discrimination: The dog that bite you was mean, so when you see a dog barking you discriminate it from dogs giving you puppy dog eye 


Extinction: make the simulation repeat over and over again without the conditioned response 


Continuous reinforcement: At a vending machine you give your money and then get your drink. It reinforces the behavior of inserting money and making a selection. 


Intermittent reinforcement: slot machines, you don’t win every time 


Ration schedule: reinforcement delivered after some number of responses


Interval schedules: reinforcement  delivered after some amount of time has passed. 


Latent learning: no obvious reinforcements or demonstration, ex: rats run around in a maze for fun, and then they learn the layout 


Insight learning: sudden realization of problem solution without trial and error. Puzzle 


Spontaneous recovery: classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay. Ex: you thought your forgot about ur ex, but then people talk about her and you remember